References
Ries LA, Kosary CL, Hankey BF, Miller BA, Clegg LX, Edwards BK, eds. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973–1996, NIH Publ. No. 99-2789. Bethesda: National Cancer Institute, 1999:164–84.
Landis SH, Murray T, Bolden S, Wingo PA. Cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 1999;1999;49:8–31.
Wingo PA, Ries LA, Rosenberg HM, Miller DS, Edwards BK. Cancer incidence and mortality, 1973–1995: a report card for the U.S. Cancer 1998;82:1197–207.
van Heel AC. A new method of transporting optical images without aberrations. Nature 1954;173:39.
Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids. A structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature 1953;171:737–8.
Mullis K, Faloona F, Scharf S, Saiki R, Horn G, Erlich H. Specific enzymatic amplification of DNA in vitro: the polymerase chain reaction. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 1986;51:263–73.
Goligher JC. Treatment of carcinoma of the colon. In: Gologher JC, ed. Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. 5th ed. London: Baillière Tindall, 1984:485–589.
von Mikulicz J. Classic articles in colonic and rectal surgery. Johann von Mikulicz-Radecki, 1850–1905. Surgical experiences with intestinal carcinoma. Dis Colon Rectum 1980;23:513–21.
von Mikulicz J. Small contributions to the surgery of the intestinal tract. Boston Med Surg J 1903;148:608–11.
Morgan CN. The management of carcinoma of the colon. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1952;10:305–23.
Bloch O. Extraabdominal resektion af hele colon descendens og et stykke af colon transversum for cancer. Hosp Tid Kjøbehn 1894;4:1053.
Paul FT. Colectomy. Br Med J 1895;1:1136–9.
Paul FT. Personal experiences in the surgery of the large bowel. Lancet 1912;2:217–26.
Sistrunk WE. The Mikulicz operation for resection of the colon: it advantages and dangers. Ann Surg 1928;88:597–606.
Moynihan BG. The surgical treatment of cancer of the sigmoid flexure and rectum. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1908;6:463–6.
Clogg HS. Cancer of the colon: a study of 72 cases. Lancet 1908;2:1007–12.
Coller FA, Kay EB, MacIntyre RS. Regional lymphatic metastases of carcinoma of the colon. Ann Surg 1941;114:56–67.
Jamieson JK, Dobson JF. The lymphatics of the colon. Ann Surg 1909;50:1077–90.
Halsted WS. Inflated rubber cylinders for circular suture of the intestine. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1898;9:25–7.
MacFee WF. Resection with aseptic end-to-end anastomosis for carcinoma of the colon. Ann Surg 1937;106:701–714.
O'Hara M Jr. A method of performing anastomosis of hollow viscera by means of a new instrument. Am J Obstet 1900;42:81–90.
Parker EM, Kerr HH. Intestinal anastomosis without open incisions by means of basting stitches. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 1908;19:132–7.
Schoemaker J. Some technical points in abdominal surgery. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1921;33:591–6.
Fraser J, Dott NM. Aseptic intestinal anastomosis: with special reference to colectomy. Br J Surg 1924;11:439–54.
Pringle S. Aseptic resection of the intestine. Br J Surg 1924;12:238–43.
Harvey SC. The one-stage operation for resection of the cecum and proximal colon. N Engl J Med 1934;211:1039–44.
Bell HG, Henley RB. Right colectomy in one stage. Surgery 1940;8:94–7.
Hares MM, Alexander-Williams J. The effect of bowel preparation on colonic surgery. World J Surg 1982;6:175–81.
Wangensteen OH. Cancer of the colon and rectum with special reference to (1) earlier recognition of alimentary tract malignancy; (2) secondary delayed re-entry of the abdomen in patients exhibiting lymph node involvement; (3) subtotal primary excision of the colon; (4) operation in obstruction. Wisconsin Med J 1949;48:591–7.
Fischer AW. Über eine neue Röntgenologische untersuchungsmethode des dickdarms: kombination von kontrasteinlauf und luftaufblähung. Klin Wochenschr 1923;2:1595–8.
Mandell GL, Petri WA Jr. Antimicrobial agents (continued) penicillins, cephalosporins, and other β-lactam antibiotics. In: Hardman JG, Gilman AG, Limbird LE, eds. Goodman & Gilman's The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995:1073–101.
Domagk G. Ein Beitrag zur Chemotherapie der Bakteriellen Infektionen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1935;61:250–3.
Poth EJ. Succinylsulfathiazole: an adjuvant in surgery of the large bowel. JAMA 1942;120:265–9.
Landsteiner K. Ueber agglutinationserscheinungen normalen menschlichen Blutes. Wien Klin Wochenschr 1901;14:1132–4.
Vandam LD. History of anesthetic practice. In: Miller RD, ed. Anesthesia. Vol. 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:1–11.
Whipple AO. Surgery of the terminal ileum, cecum, and right colon. Surgery 1943;14:321–7.
Wangensteen OH. Primary resection (closed anastomosis) of the colon and rectosigmoid including description of abdominal-anal methods for restoration of continuity accompanying excision of carcinoma of the rectal ampulla. Surgery 1943;14:403–32.
Irvin TT, Goligher JC. Aetiology of disruption of intestinal anastomoses. Br J Surg 1973;60:461–4.
Meyer KA, Sheridan A, Kozoll DD. One stage “open” resection of lesions of the left colon without complementary colostomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1945;81:507–14.
Muir EG. Safety in colonic resection. J R Soc Med 1968;61:401–8.
Dudley HA, Radcliffe AG, McGeehan D. Intraoperative irrigation of the colon to permit primary anastomosis. Br J Surg 1980;67:80–1.
Koruth NM, Krukowski ZH, Youngson GG,et al. Intraoperative colonic irrigation in the management of left-sided large bowel emergencies. Br J Surg 1985;72:708–11.
Foster ME, Johnson CD, Billings PJ, Davies PW, Leaper DJ. Intraoperative antegrade lavage and anastomotic healing in acute colonic obstruction. Dis Colon Rectum 1986;29:255–9.
Pollock AV, Playforth MJ, Evans M. Peroperative lavage of the obstructed left colon to allow safe primary anastomosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1987;30:171–3.
Zinkin LD. A critical review of the classifications and staging of colorectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1983;26:37–43.
Lockhart-Mummery JP. Two hundred cases of cancer of the rectum treated by perineal excision. Br J Surg 1926–7;14:110–24.
Dukes CE. The classification of cancer of the rectum. J Pathol Bacteriol 1932;35:323–32.
Simpson WC, Mayo CW. The mural penetration of the carcinoma cell in the colon: anatomic and clinical study. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1939;68:872–7.
Kirklin JW, Dockerty MB, Waugh JM. The role of the peritoneal reflection in the prognosis of carcinoma of the rectum and sigmoid colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1949;88:326–31.
Astler VB, Coller FA. The prognostic significance of direct extension of carcinoma of the colon and rectum. Ann Surg 1954;139:846–51.
Turnbull RB Jr, Kyle K, Watson FR, Spratt J. Cancer of the colon: the influence of theno-touch isolation technic on survival rates. Ann Surg 1967;166:420–7.
Sobin LH, Wittekind Ch, eds. UICC International Union Against Cancer. TNM classification of malignant tumours. 5th ed. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1997:66–9.
Taylor MC, Pounder D, Ali-Ridha NH, Bodurtha A, MacMullin EC. Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinoma of young adults. Can J Surg 1988;31:150–3.
Boring CC, Squires TS, Heath CW Jr. Cancer statistics for African Americans. CA Cancer J Clin 1992;42:7–17.
Mandava N, Kumar S, Pizzi WF, Aprile J. Perforated colorectal carcinomas. Am J Surg 1996;172:236–8.
Mulcahy HE, Skelly MM, Husain A, O'Donoghue DP. Long-term outcome following curative surgery for malignant large bowel obstruction. Br J Surg 1996;83:46–50.
Chapuis PH, Dent OF, Fisher R,et al. A multivariate analysis of clinical and pathological variables in prognosis after resection of large bowel cancer. Br J Surg 1985;72:698–702.
Secco GB, Fardelli R, Campora E,et al. Primary mucinous adenocarcinomas and signet-ring cell carcinomas of colon and rectum. Oncology 1994;51:30–4.
Talbot IC, Ritchie S, Leighton MH, Hughes AO, Bussey HJ, Morson BC. The clinical significance of invasion of veins by rectal cancer. Br J Surg 1980;67:439–42.
Shirouza K, Isomoto H, Kakegawa T. Prognostic evaluation of perineural invasion in rectal cancer. Am J Surg 1993;165:233–7.
Witzig TE, Loprinzi CL, Gonchoroff NJ,et al. DNA ploidy and cell kinetic measurements as predictors of recurrence and survival in stages B2 and C colorectal adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1991;68:879–88.
Kern SE, Fearon ER, Tersmette KW,et al. Allelic loss in colorectal carcinoma. JAMA 1989;261:3099–103.
Chu KC, Tarone RE, Chow W-H, Hankey BF, Gloeckler Ries LA. Temporal patterns in colorectal cancer incidence, survival, and mortality from 1950 through 1990. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:997–1006.
Correa P, Haenszel W. The epidemiology of large-bowel cancer. Adv Cancer Res 1978;26:1–141.
Burkitt DP. Epidemiology of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1971;28:3–13.
Willett WC. Goals for nutrition in the year 2000. CA Cancer J Clin 1999;49:331–52.
Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Physical activity, obesity, and risk for colon cancer and adenoma in men. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:327–34.
Muto T, Bussey HJ, Morson BC. The evolution of cancer of the colon and rectum. Cancer 1975;36:2251–70.
Bussey HJ. Familial Polyposis Coli. Family studies, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and results of treatment. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975.
Vasen HF, Wijnen JT, Menko FH,et al. Cancer risk in families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer diagnosed by mutation analysis. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1020–7.
Spigelman AD, Murday V, Phillips RK. Cancer and the Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Gut 1989;30:1588–90.
Desai DC, Neale KF, Talbot IC, Hodgson SV, Phillips RK. Juvenile polyposis. Br J Surg 1995;82:14–7.
Moertel CG, Bargen JA, Dockerty MB. Multiple carcinomas of the large intestine: a review of the literature and a study of 261 cases. Gastroenterology 1958;34:85–98.
Heald RJ, Bussey HJ. Clinical experiences at St. Mark's Hospital with multiple synchronous cancers of the colon and rectum. Dis Colon Rectum 1975;18:6–10.
Kaibara N, Koga S, Jinnai D. Synchronous and metachronous malignancies of the colon and rectum in Japan with special reference to a coexisting early cancer. Cancer 1984;54:1870–4.
Fuchs CS, Giovannucci EL, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC. A prospective study of family history and the risk of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1669–74.
Rozen P, Fireman Z, Figer A, Ron E. Colorectal tumor screening in women with a past history of breast, uterine, or ovarian malignancies. Cancer 1986;57:1235–9.
Starling JR, Uehling DT, Gilchrist KW. Value of colonoscopy after ureterosigmoidostomy. Surgery 1984;96:784–90.
Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami H-O. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer: a population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1228–33.
Riddell RH, Goldman H, Ransohoff DF,et al. Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications. Perspect Pathol 1983;14:931–68.
Gyde SN, Prior P, Macartney JC, Thompson H, Waterhouse JA, Allan RN. Malignancy in Crohn's disease. Gut 1980;21:1024–9.
Weedon DD, Shorter RG, Ilstrup DM, Huizenga KA, Taylor WF. Crohn's disease and cancer. N Engl J Med 1973;289:1099–103.
Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami H-O. Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn's disease with colonic involvement. Lancet 1990;336:357–59.
Otchy DP, Nelson H. Radiation injuries of the colon and rectum. Surg Clin North Am 1993;73:1017–35.
Dukes C. Simple tumors of the large intestine and their relationship to cancer. Br J Surg 1926;13:720–33.
Swinton NW, Warren S. Polyps of the colon and rectum and their relation to malignancy. JAMA 1939;113:1927–33.
Jackman RJ, Mayo CW. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence in cancer of the colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1951;93:327–30.
Winawer SJ, Fletcher RH, Miller L,et al. Colorectal cancer screening: clinical guidelines and rationale. Gastroenterology 1997;112:594–642.
Greegor DH. Diagnosis of large-bowel cancer in the asymptomatic patient. JAMA 1967;201:943–5.
Mandel JS, Bond JH, Church TR,et al. Reducing mortality from colorectal cancer by screening for fecal occult blood. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1365–71.
Winawer SJ, Flehinger BJ, Schottenfeld D, Miller DG. Screening for colorectal cancer with fecal occult blood testing and sigmoidoscopy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1311–8.
Kewenter J, Brevinge H, Engaräs B, Haglind E, Åhrén C. Results of screening, rescreening, and follow-up in a prospective randomized study for detection of colorectal cancer by fecal occult blood testing: results for 68,308 subjects. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:468–73.
Kronborg O, Fenger C, Olsen J, Jørgensen OD, Søndergaard O. Randomized study of screening for colorectal cancer with faecal-occult-blood test. Lancet 1996;348:1467–71.
Hardcastle JD, Chamberlain JO, Robinson MH,et al. Randomized controlled trial of faecal-occult-blood screening for colorectal cancer. Lancet 1996;348:1472–7.
Hirschowitz BI. Endoscopic examination of the stomach and duodenal cap with the fiberscope. Lancet 1961;1:1074–8.
Turell R. Fiber optic coloscope and sigmoidoscope: preliminary report. Am J Surg 1963;105:133–6.
Wolff WI, Shinya H. Polypectomy via the fiberoptic colonoscope—removal of neoplasms beyond reach of the sigmoidoscope. N Engl J Med 1973;288:329–32.
Shinya H, Wolff WI. Morphology, anatomic distribution and cancer potential of colonic polyps: an analysis of 7,000 polyps endoscopically removed. Ann Surg 1979;190:679–83.
Winawer SJ, Zauber AG, Ho MN,et al. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic polypectomy. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1977–81.
Haggitt RC, Glotzbach RE, Soffer EE, Wruble LD. Prognostic factors in colorectal carcinomas arising in adenomas: implications for lesions removed by endoscopic polypectomy. Gastroenterology 1985;89:328–36.
Allen JI. Molecular biology of colorectal cancer: a clinician's view. Perspect Colon Rectal Surg 1995;8:181–202.
Lockhart-Mummery JP. The causation and treatment of multiple adenomatosis of the colon. Ann Surg 1934;99:178–83.
Herrera L, Kakati S, Gibas L, Pietrzak E, Sandberg AA. Brief clinical report: Gardner syndrome in a man with an interstitial deletion of 5q. Am J Med Genet 1986;25:473–6.
Bodmer WF, Bailey CJ, Bodmer J,et al. Localization of the gene for familial adenomatous polyposis on chromosome 5. Nature 1987;328:614–6.
Leppert M, Dobbs M, Scambler P,et al. The gene for familial polyposis coli maps to the long arm of chromosome 5. Science 1987;238:1411–3.
Groden J, Thliveris A, Samowitz W,et al. Identification and characterization of the familial adenomatous polyposis coli gene. Cell 1991;66:589–600.
Vogelstein B, Fearon ER, Hamilton SR,et al. Genetic alterations during colorectal-tumor development. N Engl J Med 1988;319:525–32.
Fearon ER, Vogelstein B. A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis. Cell 1990;61:759–67.
Warthin AS. Heredity with reference to carcinoma as shown by the study of the cases examined in the pathological laboratory of the University of Michigan, 1895–1913. Arch Intern Med 1913;12:546–55.
Lynch HT, Krush AJ. Cancer family “G” revisited: 1895–1970. Cancer 1971;27:1505–11.
Lynch HT, Smyrk T. Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), an updated review. Cancer 1996;78:1149–67.
Aaltonen LA, Peltomäki P, Leach FS,et al. Clues to the pathogenesis of familial colorectal cancer. Science 1993;260:812–6.
Thibodeau SN, Bren G, Schaid D. Microsatellite instability in cancer of the proximal colon. Science 1993;260:816–9.
Ionov Y, Peinado MA, Malkhosyan S, Shibata D, Perucho M. Ubiquitous somatic mutations in simple repeated sequences reveal a new mechanism for colonic carcinogenesis. Nature 1993;363:558–61.
Aaltonen LA, Peltomäki P, Mecklin J-P,et al. Replication errors in benign and malignant tumors from hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Res 1994;54:1645–8.
Fishel R, Lescoe MK, Rao MR,et al. The human mutator gene homologMSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993;75:1027–38.
Leach FS, Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos,et al. Mutations of amutS homolog in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cell 1993;75:1215–25.
Bronner CE, Baker SM, Morrison PT,et al. Mutation in the DNA mismatch repair gene homologuehMLH1 is associated with hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994;368:258–61.
Papadopoulos N, Nicolaides NC, Wei Y-F,et al. Mutation of amutL homolog in hereditary colon cancer. Science 1994;263:1625–9.
Nicolaides NC, Papadopoulos N, Liu B,et al. Mutations of twoPMS homologues in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Nature 1994;371:75–80.
Powell SM, Petersen GM, Krush AJ,et al. Molecular diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1982–7.
Giardiello FM, Brensinger JD, Petersen GM,et al. The use and interpretation of commercialAPC gene testing for familial adenomatous polyposis. N Engl J Med 1997;336:823–7.
Boland CR, Thibodeau SN, Hamilton SR,et al. A National Cancer Institute workshop on microsatellite instability for cancer detection and familial predisposition: development of international criteria for the determination of microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1998;58:5248–57.
Kemeny N, Saltz L, Cohen A. Adjuvant therapy of colorectal cancer. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 1997;6:699–722.
NIH Consensus Conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 1990;264:1444–50.
Moertel CG, Fleming TR, Macdonald JS,et al. Fluorouracil plus levamisole as effective adjuvant therapy after resection of stage III colon carcinoma: a final report. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:321–6.
Wolmark N, Rockette H, Mamounas E,et al. Clinical trial to assess the relative efficacy of fluorouracil and leucovorin, fluorouracil and levamisole, and fluorouracil, leucovorin, and levamisole in patients with Dukes' B and C carcinoma of the colon: results from National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project C-04. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:3553–9.
O'Connell MJ, Mailliard JA, Kahn MJ,et al. Controlled trial of fluorouracil and low-dose leucovorin given for 6 months as postoperative adjuvant therapy for colon cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997;15:246–50.
International Multicentre Pooled Analysis of Colon Cancer Trials (IMPACT) investigators. Efficacy of adjuvant fluorouracil and folinic acid in colon cancer. Lancet 1995;345:939–44.
Vincent M, Labianca R, Harper P. Which 5-fluorouracil regimen? The great debate. Anticancer Drugs 1999;10:337–54.
Wangensteen OH, Lewis FJ, Tongen LA. The “second-look” in cancer surgery: a patient with colic cancer and involved lymph nodes negative on the “sixth look.” Lancet 1951;71:303–7.
Griffen WO Jr, Humphrey L, Sosin H. The prognosis and management of recurrent abdominal malignancies. Curr Probl Surg 1969:3–41.
Gold P, Freedman SO. Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system. J Exp Med 1965;122:467–81.
Minton JP, Hoehn JL, Gerber DM,et al. Results of a 400-patient carcinoembryonic antigen second-look colorectal cancer study. Cancer 1985;55:1284–90.
Hida J, Yasutomi M, Shindoh K,et al. Second-look operation for recurrent colorectal cancer based on carcinoembryonic antigen and imaging techniques. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:74–9.
Corman ML, Galandiuk S, Block GE,et al. Immunoscintigraphy with111In-satumomab pendetide in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma: performance and impact on clinical management. Dis Colon Rectum 1994;37:129–37.
Wolff BG, Bolton J, Baum R,et al. Radioimmunoscintigraphy of recurrent, metastatic, or occult colorectal cancer with technetium Tc 99m 88BV59H21-2V67-66 (HumaSPECT®-Tc), a totally human monoclonal antibody: patient management benefit from a Phase III multicenter study. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:953–62.
Arnold MW, Schneebaum S, Berens A,et al. Intraoperative detection of colorectal cancer with radio-immunoguided surgery and CC49, a second-generation monoclonal antibody. Ann Surg 1992;216:627–32.
Flanagan FL, Dehdashti F, Ogunbiyi OA, Kodner IJ, Siegel BA. Utility of FDG-PET for investigating unexplained plasma CEA elevation in patients with colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 1998;227:319–23.
Barnes JP. Physiologic resection of the right colon. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1952;94:723–6.
Wiggers T, Jeekel J, Arends JW,et al. No-touch isolation technique in colon cancer: a controlled prospective trial. Br J Surg 1988;75:409–15.
Hayashi N, Egami H, Kai M, Kurusu Y, Takano S, Ogawa M. No-touch isolation technique reduces intraoperative shedding of tumor cells into the portal vein during resection of colorectal cancer. Surgery 1999;125:369–74.
Sales J-P, Wind P, Douard R, Cugnenc P-H, Loric S. Blood dissemination of colonic epithelial cells during no-touch surgery for rectosigmoid cancer. Lancet 1999;354:392.
Franklin ME Jr, Rosenthal D, Abrego-Medina D,et al. Prospective comparison of openvs. laparoscopic colon surgery for carcinoma: five-year results. Dis Colon Rectum 1996;39:S35–46.
Köckerling F, Reymond MA, Schneider C,et al. Prospective multicenter study of the quality of oncologic resections in patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery for cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:963–70.
Tomita H, Marcello PW, Milsom JW. Laparoscopic surgery of the colon and rectum. World J Surg 1999;23:397–405.
Wexner SD, Cohen SM, Ulrich A, Reissman P. Laparoscopic colorectal surgery—are we being honest with our patients? Dis Colon Rectum 1995;38:723–7.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Wu, J.S., Fazio, V.W. Colon cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 43, 1473–1486 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02236725
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02236725