Skip to main content
Log in

Child conduct problems: Disorders in conduct or social continuity?

  • Regular Papers
  • Published:
Journal of Child and Family Studies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper outlines data and speculations relevant to a “social continuity” hypothesis regarding the development of children's conduct problems. According to the hypothesis, conduct problems arise from an absence of continuity in the child's relationship with parents. This absence constitutes an unpredictable and aversive context for the child, and because the youngster's disruptive conduct can generate short term continuity, that behavior is likely to be reinforced. A review of research concerning this hypothesis is presented and the conclusions focus on evidence of continuity in cooperative parent-child exchanges and discontinuity in non-compliant exchanges. The grounding of this hypothesis within social learning and theory is outlined and its heuristic value for future research and clinical interventions is presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Adubato, S. A., Adams, M. K., & Budd, K. S. (1981). Teaching a parent to train a spouse in child management techniques.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 14, 193–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armentrout, J. A. (1972). Sociometric classroom popularity and children's reports of parental child-rearing behaviors.Psychological Reports, 30, 261–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badia, P., Harsh, J., & Abbott, B. (1979). Choosing between predictable and unpredictable shock conditions: Data and theory.Psychological Bulletin, 86 1107–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Block, J., Block, J. H., & Keyes, S. (1988). Longitudinally foretelling drug use in adolescence: Early childhood personality and environmental precursors.Child Development, 59, 336–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boivin, M., Thomassin, L., & Alain, M. (1989). Peer rejection and self-perception among early elementary school children: Aggressive-rejectees vs. withdrawn rejectees. In B. H. Schneider, G. Attili, J. Nadel, & R. P. Weissberg (Eds.),Social competence in developmental perspective (pp. 392–392). Boston, MA: Klurver Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984).Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cadaret, R. J. (1978). Psychopathology in adopted-away offspring of biological parents with antisocial behavior.Archives of General Psychiatry, 35, 176–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carey, W. B., Fox, M., & McDevitt, S. C. (1977). Temperament as a factor in early school adjustment.Predictors, 60, 621–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coie, J. D. (1987, April).An analysis of aggression episodes: Age and peer status differences. Paper presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Baltimore, MD.

  • Coie, J.D., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boy's groups.Child Development, 54, 1400–1416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, N. R., & Ladd, G. W. (1990). Children's perceptions of the outcomes of social strategies: Do the ends justify being mean?Developmental Psychology, 26, 612–620.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delfini, L. F., Bernal, M. E. & Rosen, P. M. (1976). Comparison of deviant and normal boys in home settings. In E. J. Mash, L. A. Hamerlynch & L. C. Handy (Eds.),Behavior modification and families (pp. 246–260). New York: Bruner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, L. J., & Erickson, M. T. (1989). Early life events as discriminators of socialized and undersocialized delinquents.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 17, 541–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior.Child Development, 51, 162–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status.Child Development, 54, 1386–1399.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., & Frame, C. C. (1982). Social cognitive biases and deficits in aggressive boys.Child Development, 53, 620–635.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., McClaskey, C. L., & Brown, M. M. (1986). Social competence in children.Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development,51, (2, Serial No. 213).

  • Dumas, J. E., & Wahler, R. G. (1983). Predictors of treatment outcome in parent training: Mother insularity and socioeconomic disadvantage.Behavioral Assessment, 5, 301–313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, S., & Roupenian, A. (1970). Heart rate and skin conductance during experimentally induced anxiety: The effect of uncertainty about receiving a noxious stimulus.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 16, 20–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fagot, B. I. (1984). The consequents of problem behavior in problem children.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 12, 385–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, T., Greenwald, P., Morrow, C., Healy, B., Foster, T., Guthertz, M., & Frost, P. (1992). Behavior state matching during interactions of preadolescent friends versus acquaintances.Developmental Psychology, 28, 242–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Field, T., Healy, B., & LeBlanc, W. (1989). Sharing and synchrony of behavior states and heart rate in nondepressed versus depressed mother-infant interactions.Infant Behavior and Development, 12, 357–376.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forehand, R. & McMahan, R. J. (1981). Helping the noncompliant child:A clinician's guide to parent training. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, B. J., & Rosenthal, L., Donahoe, C. P., Schlundt, D. G., & McFall, R. (1978). A social-behavioral analysis of skills deficits in delinquent and nondelinquent adolescent boys.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 1448–1462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griest, D. L., Forehand, R., Wells, K. C., & McMahan, R. J. (1980). An examination of differences between nonclinic and behavior problem clinic-referred children and their mothers.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 89, 497–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Griest, D. L., Wells, K., & Forehand, R. (1979). An examination of predictors of maternal perception of maladjustment in clinic-referred children.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 88, 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, R. P., Peterson, R. F., Schweid, E. L., & Bijou, S. W. (1966). Behavior therapy in the home: Amelioration of problem parent-child relations with the parent in a therapeutic role.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 4, 99–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herbert, E. W., Pinkston, E. M., Hayden, M. L., Sajwaj, T. E., Pinkston S., Cordua, G., & Jackson, C. (1973). Adverse effects of differential parental attention.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 6, 15–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, E. M., & Martin, B. (1986)., Family interaction. In H. S. Quay & J. S. Werry (Eds.),Psychopathological disorders of childhood (3rd ed., pp. 332–390). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imada, H., & Nageishi, Y. (1982). The concept of uncertainty in animal experiments using aversive stimulation.Psychological Bulletin, 91, 573–588.

    Google Scholar 

  • Isabella, R. A., Belsky, J., & von Eye, A. (1989). Origins of infant-mother attachment: An examination of interactional synchrony during the infant's first year.Developmental Psychology, 25, 12–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarey, M. L., & Stewart, M. A. (1985). Psychiatric disorder in the parents of adopted children with aggressive conduct disorder.Neuropsychobiology, 13, 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, S. M., & Lobitz, G. R. (1974). The personal and marital adjustment of parents as related to observed child deviance and parenting behaviors.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2, 193–207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1987). Treatment of antisocial behavior in children: Current status and future directions.Psychological Bulletin, 102, 187–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuczynski, L. (1984). Socialization goals and mother-child interaction: Strategies for long-term and short-term compliance.Developmental Psychology, 15, 256–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loeber, R. & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1986). Family factors as correlates and predictors of juvenile conduct problems and delinquency. In: M. Tonzy & N. Morris (Eds.).Crime and justice: An annual review of research (Vol.7, pp. 29–149). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H. (1977). Correlates of compliance and the rudiments of conscience in two-year-old boys.Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 9, 243–251.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H. (1979). Disciplinary encounters between young boys and their mothers and fathers: Is there a contingency system?Developmental Psychology, 15, 256–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lytton, H. (1990). Child and parent effects in boys' conduct disorder: A reinterpretation.Developmental Psychology, 26, 683–697.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacDonald, K., & Parka, R. D. (1984). Bridging the gap: Parent-child play interaction and interactive competence.Child Development, 55, 1265–1277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mednick, S. A., Moffit, T., Gabrielli, W., Jr., & Hutchings, B. (1986). Genetic factors in criminal behavior: A review. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Rodke-Yarrow, (Eds.),Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research theories and issues, (pp. 33–50). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, S. L., Bates, J. E., & Bayles, K. (1990). Early antecedents of childhood impulsivity: The roles of parent-child interaction, cognitive competence, and temperament.,Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 18, 317–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkhurst, J. T., & Asher, S. R. (1992). Peer rejection in middle school: Subgroup differences in behavior, loneliness, and interpersonal concerns.Developmental Psychology, 28, 231–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1976). The aggressive child: Victim and architect of a coercive systern. In E. J. Mash, L. Hamerlynck, & L. Handy (Eds.),Behavior modification and families (pp. 267–316), New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1982).Coercive family process. Eugene, OR: Castalia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, G. R. (1986). Performance models for antisocial boys.American Psychologist, 41, 432–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettit, G. S., Dodge, K. A. & Brown, M. M. (1988). Early family experiences, social problem solving patterns and children's social competence.Child Development, 59, 107–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putallaz, M. (1987). Maternal behavior and children's sociometric status.Child Development, 58, 324–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quay, H. C., Routh, D. K., & Shapiro, S. K. (1987). Psychopathology of childhood: From description to validation.Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 491–532.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radke-Yarrow, M., Zahn-Waxler, C. & Chapman, M. (1983). Children's prosocial dispositions and behavior. In P. H. Mussen (Ed.),Handbook of Child Psychology (4th ed.; vol.4, pp. 504–506). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, M. W. (1985). Praising child compliance: Reinforcement or ritual?Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 13, 611–629.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1966). Deviant children grown up. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Williams.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robins, L. N. (1981). Epidemiological approaches to natural history research: Antisocial disorders in children.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 20, 566–580,

    Google Scholar 

  • Roopnarine, J., & Field, T. (1984). Friendship formation in preschool children. In T. Field, M. Segal, & J. Roopnarine (Eds.),Friendship in normal and handicapped children (pp. 89–99), Holliswood, NJ: Ablex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, B. H. (1992). Didactic methods for enhancing children's peer relations: A quantitative review.Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 363–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegman, A. W. (1961). The relationship between future time perspective, time estimation and impulse control in a group of young offenders and a control group.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 25, 470–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, J. J. (1977). Reinforcement analysis of interaction in problem and nonproblem families.Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 86, 528–536.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stayton, D. J., Hogan, R. & Ainsworth, M. D. (1971). Infant obedience and maternal behavior: The origins of socialization reconsidered.Child Development, 42, 1057–1069.

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub, E., Tursky, B., & Schwartz, G. E. (1971). Self control and predictability: Their effects on reactions to aversive stimulation.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 18, 157–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G., & Dumas, J. E. (1986). Maintenance factors in abusive mother-child interactions: The compliance and predictability hypotheses.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 19, 13–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G., & Dumas, J. E. (1989). Attentional problems in dysfunctional mother-child interactions: An interbehavioral model.Psychological Bulletin, 105, 116–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wahler, R. G., Williams, A. J., & Cerezo, A. (1990). The compliance and predictability hypotheses: Some sequential and correlational analyses of coercive mother-child interactions.Behavioral Assessment, 12, 391–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerman, M. A. (1990). Coordination of maternal directives with preschoolers' behavior in compliance-problem and healthy dyads.Developmental Psychology, 26, 621–630.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westerman, M. A., & Harvstad, L. F. (1982). A pattern-oriented model of caretaker-child interaction, psychopathology, and control. In K. Nelson (Ed.),Children's language (Vol. 3, pp. 204–246). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winder, C. L., & Rau, L. (1962). Parental attitudes associated with social deviance in preadolescent boys.Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 418–424.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wahler, R.G. Child conduct problems: Disorders in conduct or social continuity?. J Child Fam Stud 3, 143–156 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234064

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02234064

Key Words

Navigation