References
Phear, E. A., Sherlock, S., andSummerskill, W. H. J. Blood ammonia levels in liver diseases and hepatic coma.Lancet 1:836, 1955.
Bessman, S. P., andBessman, A. N. The cerebral and peripheral uptake of ammonia in liver diseases with a hypothesis for the mechanism of hepatic coma.J. Clin. Invest. 34:622, 1955.
Phear, E. A., andRuebner, B. The in vitro production of ammonia and amines by intestinal bacteria in relation to nitrogen toxicity as a factor in hepatic coma.Brit. J. Exper. Path. 27:253, 1956.
Kirk, E. Amino acid and ammonia metabolism in liver diseases.Acta med. scandinav., Suppl. 77,89:1, 1936.
Traeger, H. S., Gabuzda, G. J., Ballou, A. N., andDavidson, C. S. Blood ammonia concentration in liver disease and liver coma.Metabolism 3:99, 1954.
Zimmerman, H. J., Korn, R. J., andWeinstein, H. G. Observations on the source of elevated plasma ammonia levels in hepatic insufficiency.Am. J. M. Sc. 23:177, 1956.
Adams, R. D., andFoley, J. M. The neurological disorder associated with liver diseases.A. Res. Nerv. & Ment. Dis. Proc. 32:198, 1953.
Summerskill, W. H. J., Davidson, E. A., Sherlock, S., andSteiner, R. E. The neuropsychiatric syndrome associated with hepatic cirrhosis and an extensive portal collateral circulation.Quart. J. Med. 25:245, 1956.
Mangum, J., Lamons, D., andFriedlander, W. J. Neurologic changes in a patient with portacaval shunt and the relationship to hepatic coma.Am. J. Med. 21:306, 1956.
Fazekas, J. F., Ticktin, H. E., Ehrmantraut, W. R., andAlman, R. W. Cerebral metabolism in hepatic insufficiency.Am. J. Med. 20:843, 1956.
Webster, L. T., andDavidson, C. S. Cirrhosis of the liver, impending hepatic coma and increased blood ammonia concentration during protein hydrolysate infusion.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 50:1, 1957.
Tyor, M. P., andSieker, H. O. Biochemical, blood gas and peripheral circulatory alterations in hepatic coma.Am. J. Med. 27:50, 1959.
Handford, S. W. An experimental study of ammonia intoxication.Gastroenterology 36:770, 1959.
Chalmers, T. C. Pathogenesis of hepatic failure.New England J. Med. 263:23, 1960.
Conn, H. O. Ammonia tolerance in liver disease.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 55:855, 1960.
Dawson, A. M., DeGroote, J., Rosenthal, W. A. andSherlock, S. Effects of Diamox on ammonia metabolism in liver disease.Clin. Sc. 16:413, 1957.
Mackie, J. E., Stormont, J. M., Hollister, R. M., andDavidson, C. S. Production of impending hepatic coma by chlorthiazide and its prevention by antibiotics.New England J. Med. 259:1151, 1959.
Naajrian, J. S., andHarper, H. A. Etiology and treatment of ammonia intoxication associated with diseases of the liver.Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 106:557, 1958.
Magid, G. J., andLevitt, S. H. Ammonia intoxication in a patient with cirrhosis treated by chlorthiazide.J.A.M.A. 168:35, 1958.
Galkins, W. G. The blood ammonia in normal persons.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 47:343, 1956.
Seligson, D., andHirhara, K. The measurement of ammonia in whole blood, erythrocytes and plasma.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 49:962, 1957.
Nathan, D. G., andRodkey, F. L. A colorimetric procedure for the determination of blood ammonia.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 49:779, 1957.
Jaque, J. A., Jeltsch, R., andHood, M. The measurement of ammonia in plasma and blood.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 53:942, 1959.
Krebs, H. A. Synthesis of glutamine from glutamic acid and ammonia in enzymatic hydrolysis of glutamine in animal tissue.Biochem. J. 29:1951, 1935.
Walshe, J. H. Observation on the symptomatology and pathogenesis of hepatic coma.Quart. J. Med. 20:421, 1951.
Wu, C., Bollman, J. L., andButt, H. R. Changes in free amino acid in the plasma during hepatic coma.J. Clin. Invest. 34:845, 1955.
Bach, S. J., andSmith, M. Glutamine: A nitrogen source in urea synthesis.J. Biochem. 64:417, 1956.
Kaplansky, S. Y., andBerezovskayo, N. N. On the formation of alamine, glutamic acid and aspartia acids from keto acids and ammonia salts in slices of rat liver.Biochemistry 21:115, 1956.
Meister, A. Metabolism of glutamine.Physiol. Rev. 36:103, 1956.
Lajtha, A., Berl, S., andWaelsch, N. The metabolism of glutamic acid.J. Neurochem. 5:322, 1959.
Ludewig, S. Glutamine, glutamic acid and α amino butyric acid in C.S.F.A.M.A. Arch. Neurol. & Psychiat. 70:268, 1953.
Hsia, D. Y. Y., andGellis, S. S. Amino acid metabolism in infectious hepatitis.J. Clin. Invest. 33:1603, 1954.
Stein, W. H., Bearn, A. G., andMoore, S. The amino-acid content of the blood and urine in Wilson's disease.J. Clin. Invest. 33:410, 1954.
Seegmiller, E., Schwartz, R., andDavidson, C. S. The plasma ammonia and glutamine content in patients with hepatic coma.J. Clin. Invest. 33:984, 1954.
White, L. P., Phear, E. A., Summerskill, W. H. J., andSherlock, S. Ammonia tolerance in liver diseases. Observations based on catheterization of the hepatic veins.J. Clin. Invest. 34:158, 1955.
Iber, F. L., andBruta, J. Glutamine and glutaminase in blood.Clin. Chem. 2:413, 1956.
Whitehead, F. P., andWhittaker, S. R. F. A method for determination of glutamine in C.S.F. and the results of hepatic coma.Brit. J. Clin. Path. 8:81, 1955.
Bellman, J. L., Flock, E. V., Grindlay, J. H., Bickford, R. O., andLichtenhead, F. R. Coma with increased amino acid of brain and C.S.F. in dogs with Eck's fistula.Arch. Surg. 75:405, 1957.
Gilon, E., Szeinberg, A., Tauman, G., andBodonyi, E. Glutamine estimation in cerebrospinal fluid in cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatic coma.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 53:714, 1959.
Popper, H., andSchaffnir, F. Hepatic tests.Advances in Int. Med. 4:357, 1950.
Monrof, L. S., andKittinger, A. Bromsulfalein movement in decompensated portal cirrhosis.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 53:901, 1959.
Matassarin, B. M., andDelp, M. H. The relation of serum iron to hepatocellular damage.Am. J. M. Sc. 229:622, 1952.
Schamroth, L., Edelstein, W., Politzer, W. M., andStevens, M. Serum iron in the diagnosis of hepatobiliary disease.Brit. M. J. 1:356, 1956.
Rachmilewitz, M., andStein, Y. The diagnostic value of the determination of vitamin B12 in the body fluids in diseases of the blood and liver.Harefua 54:167, 1958.
Molandfr, D. W. Serum transaminase in liver diseases.J.A.M.A. 163:1461, 1957.
Zelman, S., andWang, C. C. Transaminase in serum and liver correlated with liver cell necrosis in needle aspiration biopsies.Am. J. M. Sc. 237:323, 1959.
Bickford, R. G., andButt, H. R. Hepatic coma: The electroencephalographic pattern.J. Clin. Invest. 34:790, 1955.
Wilson, W. P., andTyer, M. P. Electroencephalographic observations during experimental hyperammonemia.Neurology 8:917, 1958.
Belkin, G. A., andCohn, H. G. Blood ammonia concentration and Bromsulphalein retention in upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.New England J. Med. 260:530, 1959.
Scott, T. G. High glutamine levels in xanthochromia cerebrospinal fluid.Clin. Chim. Acta 3:343, 1958.
Bradley, S. E., McSmythe, C., Fitzpatrick, H. F., andBlakemore, A. H. The effect of a porta-caval shunt on estimated hepatic blood flow and oxygen uptake in cirrhosis.J. Clin. Invest. 32:526, 1953.
Gliedman, M. L., Sellers, R. D., Grant, R. N., Burkle, J. S., Leevy, C. M., andVestal, B. L. Observations on the effect of porta-caval anastomosis upon the hemodynamics of the liver.Surg. Gynec. & Obst. 108:223, 1959.
Guseffi, J., andLargen, T. A method for determining the patency of porta-caval and spleno-renal shunts.A.M.A. Arch. Surg. 70:707, 1955.
Eiseman, B., Lindeman, G. M., andClark, G. W. Clinical evaluation of the ammonium citrate tolerance test for determining the patency of a portacaval shunt.J. Lab. & Clin. Med. 48:579, 1956.
Weinstein, V. A. Coma due to ammonia intoxication following portacaval shunt for esophageal varices and recovery following large doses of sodium glutamateJ. Mt. Sinai Hosp. 24:427, 1957.
Linton, R. R. Selection of patients for portacaval shunts with summary of results in 61 cases.Ann. Surg. 134:433, 1951.
Brandsteatter, S. Indication and contra-indication for shunt operations in portal hypertension.Harefua 55:242, 1958.
Reinhold, J. G. Chemical evaluation of the functions of the liver.Clin. Chem. 1:351, 1955.
Ebling, W. C., Bunker, J. P., Ellis, D. S., French, A. B., Jones, C. M., andLinton, R. R. Management of patients with portal hypertension undergoing various shunt surgery.New England J. Med. 254:141, 1956.
Baker, L. A., Smith, C., andLieberman, G. The natural history of esophageal varices.Am. J. Med. 26:228, 1959.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Thanks are expressed to Drs. J. Heichman (Medical Department “A”) and A. Valero (Medical Department “D”) and their staffs for allowing us to investigate their patients as additional material for his paper. Thanks are also due Dr. Erlik (Surgical Department) and his staff, who performed the shunt operations and cooperated with us very actively. We wish also to thank Dr. N. Herz and Mr. A. Gross for their estimations of CSF glutamine levels.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Brandstaetter, S., Barzilai, D. Glutamine estimation in CSF in liver disease. Digest Dis Sci 5, 945–960 (1960). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02232863
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02232863