Abstract
The present study was undertaken to set up an experimental system in which barriers to infection of a non-host plant related to the presence of the cell wall, at the level of recognition and/or the necessity of penetrating the cell wall, might be bypassed. Co-cultures betweenFrankia alni subsp.pommerii (strain ACN1AG) andBetula papyrifera protoplasts were established. Betula protoplasts remained viable after 2 weeks with no substantial cell wall regeneration. Suppression of the wall barrier was not sufficient to allowFrankia infection under the conditions tested. The non-infectivity ofFrankia on Betula protoplasts may also reflect difficulties inherent to thein vitro environment, which might not permit duplication of infection mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- 2,4-D:
-
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA:
-
naphtaleneacetic acid
References
Baker D 1987 Relationships among pure cultured strains ofFrankia based on host specificity. Physiol. Plant. 70, 245–248.
Becking J H 1965In vitro cultivation of alder root-nodule tissue containing the endophyte. Nature (London) 207, 885–887.
Becking J H 1966 Interactions nutritionnelles plantes-actinomycètes—Rapport général. Ann. Inst. Pasteur Suppl. 111, 211–246.
Becking J H 1977a Endophyte and association establishment in non-leguminous nitrogen-fixing plants.In Recent Developments in Nitrogen Fixation. Eds. W Newton, J R Postgate and C Rodriguez-Barrueco. pp 551–567. Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco.
Becking J H 1977b Dinitrogen-fixing associations in higher plants other than legumes.In A Treatise on Dinitrogen Fixation, Section III: Biology. Eds. R W F Hardy and W S Silver. pp 254–275. John Wiley and Sons, New York, London, Sydney, Toronto.
Benson D R 1988 The genusFrankia: Actinomycete symbionts of plants. Microbiol. Sciences 5, 9–12.
Berry A M, McIntyre L and McCully M E 1986 Fine structure of root hair infection leading to nodulation in theFrankia-Almus symbiosis. Can. J. Bot. 64, 292–305.
Berry A M and Torrey J G 1983 Root hair deformation in the infection process ofAlnus rubra. Can. J. Bot. 61, 2863–2876.
Callaham D, Newcomb W, Torrey J G and Peterson R L 1979 Root-hair infection in actinomycete-induced root nodule initiation inCasuarina, Myrica andComptonia. Bot. Gaz. 140 (S), 1–9.
Chaboud A and Lalonde M 1983 Lectin binding on surfaces ofFrankia strains. Can. J. Bot. 61, 2889–2897.
Davey M R 1977 Bacterial uptake and nitrogen fixation.In Applied and Fundamental Aspects of Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture. Eds. J Reinert and Y P S Bajaj. pp 551–577. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York.
Davey M R and E C Cocking 1979 Tissue and cell cultures and bacterial nitrogen fixation.In Recent Advances in Biological Nitrogen Fixation. Ed. N S Subba Rao. pp 281–324. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co., New Delhi, Bombay, Calcutta.
Davey M R, Perace N and Cocking E C 1980 Fusion of legumeVicia faba cultivar Aquadulce-claudia root nodule protoplasts with nonlegume protoplasts—ultrastructural evidence for the functional activity ofRhizobium bacteroids in a heterokaryotic cytoplasm. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 99, 435–448.
Eb P, Bacle B and Tailliez R 1985 Etude de la symbioseRhizobium-légumineuse: Préparation de cellules isolées pour l'étudein vitro. Plant and Soil 88, 223–230.
Fowke L 1982 Electron microscopy of protoplasts.In Plant Tissue Culture Methods. Eds. L R Wetter and F Constabel. pp 72–79. NRCC, Saskatoon.
Gamborg O L 1982 Callus and cell culture.In Plant Tissue Culture Methods. Eds. L R Wetter and F Constabel. pp 1–9. NRCC, Saskatoon.
Graves D A and Beck R W 1984 Detection of internalizedRhizobium trifolii in plant cell protoplasts using fluorescence microscopy. Plant Sci. Lett. 34, 391–396.
Gresshoff P M and Rolfe B G 1978 Viability ofRhizobium japonicum bacteroids isolated from soybean nodule protoplasts. Planta 142, 329–334.
Lalonde M 1977 Infection process of theAlnus root nodule symbiosis.In Recent Developments in Nitrogen Fixation. Ed. W E Newton, J R Postgate and C Rodriguez-Barrueco. pp 569–589. Academic Press, London.
Lalonde M and DeVoe I W 1975 Scanning electron microscopy of theAlnus crispa var.mollis Fern. root nodule endophyte. Arch. Microbiol. 105, 87–94.
Lalonde M and Knowles R 1975 Ultrastructure, composition, and biogenesis of the encapsulation material surrounding the endophyte inAlnus crispa var.mollis root nodules. Can. J. Bot. 53, 1951–1971.
Lalonde M and DeVoe I W 1976 Origin of the membrane envelope enclosing theAlnus crispa var.mollis Fern. root nodule endophyte as revealed by freeze-etching microscopy. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 8, 123–129.
Lalonde M and Calvert H E 1979 Production ofFrankia hyphae and spores as an effective inoculant forAlnus species.In Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation in the Management of Temperate Forests. Eds. J C Gordon, C T Wheeler and D A Perry. pp 95–110. Oregon State University. Corvallis.
Lalonde M, Simon L, Bousquet J and Séguin A 1988 Advances in the taxonomy ofFrankia: Recognition of speciesalni andelaeagni and novel subspeciespommerii andvandijkii. In Nitrogen Fixation: Hundred Years After. Eds. H Bothe, F de Bruyn and W E Newton. pp 671–680. Verlag, Stuttgart, New York.
MacKay J, Séguin A and Lalonde M 1988 Genetic transformation of 9in vitro clones ofAlnus andBetula byAgrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Cell Reports 7, 229–232.
Miller I M and Baker D D 1985 The initiation, development and structure of root nodules inElaeagnus angustifolia L. (Elaeagnaceae). Protoplasma 128, 107–119.
Miller I M and Baker D D 1986 Nodulation of actinorhizal plants byFrankia strains capable of both root hair infection and intercellular penetration. Protoplasma 131, 82–91.
Murashige T and Skoog F 1962 A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiol. Plant. 15, 473–497.
Nagata T and Takebe I 1971 Plating of isolated tobacco mesophyll protoplasts on agar medium. Planta 99, 12–20.
Newcomb W, Peterson R L, Callaham D and Torrey J G 1978 Structure and host-actinomycete interactions in developing root nodules ofComptonia peregrina. Can. J. Bot. 56, 502–531.
Olsen J E and Gresshoff 1984 Analysis of the acetylene reducing ability of root nodule protoplasts isolated fromGlycine max. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 113, 471–476.
Prin Y and Rougier M 1987 Preinfection events in the establishment ofAlnus-Frankia symbiosis: Study of the root-hair deformation step. Plant. Physiol. (Life Sci. Adv.) 6, 99–106.
Reynolds E S 1963 The use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron opaque stain in electron microscopy. J. Cell. Biol. 17, 208–212.
Séguin A and Lalonde M 1988 Gene transfer for electroporation in Betulaceae protoplasts:Alnus incana. Plant Cell Reports 7, 367–370.
Séguin A and Lalonde M 1989 Detection of pectolytic activity andpel homologous sequences inFrankia. Plant and Soil 118, 221–229.
Spur A R 1969 A low viscosity epoxy medium for electron microscopy. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 26, 31–43.
St-Laurent L and Lalonde M 1987 Isolation and characterization ofFrankia strains isolated fromMyrica gale. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1356–1363.
Syono K, Nagata T, Suzuki M, Kajita S and Matsui C 1979 Fusion of PeaPisum sativum cultivar Little marvel root nodule protoplasts with TobaccoNicotiana tabacum cultivar Xanthi mesophyll protoplasts. Z. Pflanzenphysiol. 95, 449–458.
Torrey J G 1978In vitro methods in the study of symbiosis.In Frontiers of Plant Tissue Culture 1978. Proc. 4th Int. Cong. Plant Tissue Cell Cult., Calgary. Ed. T A Thorpe. pp 373–380.
Tremblay F M 1986 Isolation and culture of protoplasts fromBetula papyrifera cell suspension.In VIth Int. Cong. Plant Tissue Cell Cult., August 3–8, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Abstract. Eds. D A Somers, B G Gengenbach, D D Biesboer, W P Hackett and C E Green. p. 48.
Tremblay F M, Power J B and Lalonde M 1985 Callus regeneration fromAlnus incana protoplasts isolated from cell suspensions. Plant Science 41, 211–216.
Vance C P 1983Rhizobium infection and nodulation: a beneficial plant disease? Annu. Rev. Microbol. 37, 399–424.
Wooi K C and Broughton W J 1979 Isolation and metabolism ofVigna unguiculata root nodule protoplasts. Planta 145, 487–496.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Laliberté, S., Lalonde, M. Co-culture ofFrankia alni subsp.pommerii (strain ACN1AG) with birch (Betula papyrifera) protoplasts. Plant Soil 118, 189–197 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02232806
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02232806