Abstract
Backscatter cross-sections of microwaves from the sea surface are calculated by using the facet model and are compared withJonswap '75 experimental results. The principal features obtained are: (1) asymmetry of backscatter cross-sections between upwind and downwind directions is attributable to the modulation of the short gravity-capillary wave spectrum by a larger wave, and the non-Gaussian wave slope distribution has a tendency to cancel this effect, (2) angular spreading of the energy spectrum in the higher frequency range should have a narrower band than a simple cosine distribution, (3) the facet model itself should begin to break down at a larger incident angle than previously supposed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alpers, W. andK. Hasselmann (1978): The two-frequency microwave technique for measuring ocean-wave spectra from an airplane or satellite, Boundary-Layer Meteorology,13, 215–230.
Barrick, D.E. and W.H.Peake (1967): Scattering from surfaces with different roughness scales: analysis and interpretation. Rep. Battele Memorial Inst. BAT-197A-10-3, 63 pp.
Bass, F.G., I.M. Fuks, A.I. Kalmykov, I.E. Ostrovsky andA.D. Rosenberg (1968a,b): Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface, Part 1. IEEE Trans. AP-16, 554–559; Part 2,ibid, 650–568.
Chang, H. L. and A. K.Fung (1973): Backscattering from a two-scale rough surface with application to radar sea return. NASA Contractor Rep. CR-2327, 63 pp.
Chang, H. L. andA. K. Fung (1977): A theory of sea scatter at large incident angles. J. Geophy. Res.,82, 3439–3444.
Cox, C. andW. Munk (1954): Measurement of the roughness of the sea surface from photographes of the sun glitter. Jour. Opt. Soc. Amer.,44, 838–850.
Fujinawa, Y. (1980): Directional spreading of short gravity waves. Rep. Nat'l. Res. Ctr. Disaster prevention (in Japanese), (23), 185–192.
Fung, A. K. andH. L. Chang (1969): Backscattering of waves by composite rough surfaces, IEEE Trans., AP-17, 590–597.
Hasselmann, K. (1971): On the mass and momentum transfer between short gravity waves and large-scale motions. J. Fluid Mech.,50, 189–205.
Jackson, F. C. (1974): A curvature-corrected Kirchhoff formulation for radar sea-return from the near vertical. NASA Contractor Rep., CR-2406, 71pp.
Larson, T. R. andJ. W. Wright (1975): Wind-generated gravity-capillary waves: laboratory measurements of temporal growth rates using microwave backscatter. J. Fluid Mech.,70, 417–434.
Longuet-Higgins, M. S. (1962): The directional spectrum of ocean waves and processes of wave generation. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, Ser. A,265, 286–315.
Mitsuyasu, H. andT. Honda (1974): The high frequency spectrum of wind generated waves. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan,30, 29–42.
Moor, R.K., A.K.Fung, G.J.Dome and I.J.Birrer (1978): Estimates of oceanic surface wind speed and direction using orthogonal beam scatterometer measurements and comparison of recent sea scattering theories. NASA Contractor Rep. 158908, 111pp.
Pierson, W.J. (1976): The theory and applications of ocean wave measuring systems at and below the sea surface, on the land, from aircraft, and from spacekraft. NASA Contractor Rep. CR-2646, 388 pp.
Pierson, W.J. and R.A.Stacy (1973): The elevation, slope, and curvature spectra of a wind roughned sea surface. NASA Contractor Rep. CR-2247, 126 pp.
Rice, S. O. (1951): Reflection of electromagnetic waves from slightly rough surfaces. Cmm. Pure Appl. Math.,4, 351–378.
Valenzuella, G. R. (1968): Scattering of electromagnetic waves from a tilted slightly rough surface. Radio Sci.,3, 1057–1066.
Wentz, F.J. (1977): A two-scale scattering model with application to the JONSWAP '75 aircraft microwave scatterometer experiment. NASA Contractor Rep. 2919, 122 pp.
Wentz, F.J. (1978): Estimation of the sea surface's two-scale backscatter parameters. NASA Contractor Rep. 145255, 122 pp.
Wright, W.J. (1966): Backscattering from capillary waves with application to sea clutter. IEEE Trans. AP-14, 740–754.
Wright, W.J., W.J. Plant, W.C. Keller andW.L. Jones (1980): Ocean wave-radar modulation transfer functions from the West Coast Experiment. J. Geophy. Res.,85, 4957–4966.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Iwata, N. Backscatter of microwaves from the sea surface and the modulation of spectra of short gravity waves. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 39, 43–52 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02210758
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02210758