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Zur Evolution der Stimme

On the evolution of voice — With special reference to neurophysiological aspects

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Summary

The paper gives a short survey of the phylogenetic development of the laryngeal and supralaryngeal apparatus from amphibians to man. The increasing differentiation of vocal behaviour, paralleling the differentiation of the vocal apparatus, is outlined and special reference is made to the non-verbal component in human language. It is stressed that animal vocal repertoires can be extremely rich, but in contrast to human verbal behaviour they are generated almost exclusively by laryngeal modulations and only to a minimal degree by supralaryngeal activity (i. e. articulation).

A phylogenetic development can also be seen in the cerebral organization of vocal behaviour. In amphibians, reptiles and lower mammals, the dorsal midbrain-pons transitional zone seems to be the only area responsible for the production of vocal utterances. This area probably serves in integrating vocal fold movements, expiration, intra- and extra-oral muscle activity into species-specific vocal patterns; its destruction results in mutism. In higher mammals, including man, this area does not lose its original function but is brought under the control of the cortex around the anterior sulcus cinguli (supplementary motor area and anterior cingulate gyrus). The latter seems to play an essential role in the initiation of vocal utterances in situations which do not have a rigid stimulus-response characteristic, i. e. in voluntary vocal behaviour. The highest level of voice production, finally is represented by the cortical face area, the destruction of which is without consequence to the innate vocal behaviour of animals but produces dysarthria in man. This area (together with its associated structures, such as the cortex-pontine nuclei-cerebellum-thalamus-cortex circuit) seems to be essential for the production of verbal or, more generally, learned vocal behaviour.

Zusammenfassung

Im Laufe der Wirbeltierphylogenese läßt sich eine zunehmende Differenzierung des peripheren Stimmapparates von den Amphibien bis zum Menschen beobachten. Parallel mit dieser Organentwicklung findet sich eine Zunahme stimmlicher Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten. Diese sind beim Menschen nicht nur auf Verbaläußerungen beschränkt, sondern schließen ein reiches Repertoire emotionaler stimmlicher Ausdrucksformen ein. Auch auf cerebraler Ebene läßt sich die Entwicklung von einfachen Stimmbildungsmechanismen bei Amphibien bis zu hierarchischen Stimmbildungssytemen beim Menschen verfolgen. Diese Entwicklung drückt sich darin aus, daß bei Amphibien die Stimmgebung ausschließlich vom dorsalen Mittelhirn-Pons-Übergangsbereich gesteuert wird; diesem Gebiet ist bei höheren Säugern der Cortex um den vorderen Sulcus cinguli überlagert; beim Menschen schließlich gewinnt der neocorticale Gesichtscortex neben den beiden erstgenannten Gebieten eine entscheidende Bedeutung. Dabei ist das Mittelhirn-Pons-Gebiet mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit verantwortlich für die Koordination angeborener und emotionaler Lautmuster, der Cortex um den vorderen Sulcus cinguli (motorische Supplementärarea und vorderer Gyrus cinguli) scheint die stimmliche Ausdrucksbereitschaft bzw. den Sprechantrieb zu steuern, während der corticalen Gesichtsarea offenbar eine zentrale Rolle bei der Koordination erlernter Lautmuster zukommt.

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Herrn Professor Dr. med. Gerd Peters zu seinem 70. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Jürgens, U.W.E., Ploog, D. Zur Evolution der Stimme. Arch. F. Psychiatr. U. Z. Neur. 222, 117–137 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02206613

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