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References and Footnotes
On Bakunin a number of works can be consulted. As a general guide Peter Marshall's (1992)Demanding the Impossible. A History of Anarchism, Harper Collins, London, is useful.
Esenwein, G. R. (1989).Anarchist Ideology and the Working Class Movement in Spain, 1868–1898, University of California Press, Berkeley.
See also, for some remarks on Elie Reclus, Aristide Rey and Alfred Naquet, Marie Fleming. (1979).The Anarchist Way to Socialism. Elisée Reclus and Nineteenth Century European Anarchism, Croom Helm, London.
For some resons for the failure of Marxism in Spain, see Heywood, P. (1990)Marxism and the Failure of Organised Socialism in Spain, 1879–1936, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
On syndicalism see for example Rocker, R. (1938).Anarcho-syndicalism, Secker & Warburg, London.
Holton, B. (1976).British Syndicalism, Pluto, London.
Ridley, F. (1970).Revolutionary Syndicalism in France, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Van den Linden, M. and Thorpe, W. (1990).Revolutionary Syndicalism, Scolar, Aldershot.
For a discussion on the influence of anarchism in Spain see Brenan, G. (1943, rep. 1990).The Spanish Labyrinth. An Account of the Social and Political Background of the Civil War, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Peirats, J. (1971).La CNT en la revolución española, Volume 1, Ruedo Ibérico, Paris.
A useful publication by the same author in English isAnarchists in the Spanish Revolution, (1990). Freedom, London.
On the importance of these cultural centres and free schools which provided a ‘culture of resistance’ see Ackelsberg, M. A. (1991).Free Women of Spain. Anarchism and the Struggle for the Emancipation of Women, Indiana University Press, Bloomington and Indianapolis.
Also my, forthcoming chapter. (1995). Beyond tradition and the quest for modernity: the cultural and sexual politics of Spanish anarchism. In,The Struggle for Modernity: An Introduction to Spanish Cultural Studies, ed. by H. Graham and J. Labanyi, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Malthus, T. (1798).An Essay on the Principle of Population. J. Johnson, London.
Rowbotham, S. and Weeks, J. (1977).Socialism and the New Life. The Personal and Sexual Politics of Edward Carpenter and Havelock Ellis, Pluto, London. Where Weeks remarks that ‘New forms of relationship were seen as part of the practice of socialism’, when referring to some of the early British socialists.
Quoted in Mosse G. L. (1985).Nationalism and Sexuality. Middle-Class Morality and Sexual Norms in Modern Europe, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison/London.
Armand, E. (June 1932). El nudismo.Iniciales IV(6), 5–6.
(October 1932). Quicio.Iniciales,IV(10), 1.
TheRevista Blanca was to pass through two editorial periods: from 1898 to 1904 and from 1923 to 1936 with a maximum copy run of 6000 according to one of the directors, Federica Montseny. See Montseny, F. (1987).Mis primeros cuarenta aõs, Plaza y Janés, Barcelona.
For more details of the Revista Blanca see Tavera García, S. (1973).Revista Blanca: Análisis histórica de una publicación anarquista, 1931–1936, Dissertation, University of Barcelona.
Various authors. (1977).Els Anarquistes. Educadors del Poble. La ‘Revista Blanca’ (1895–1905), Curial, Barcelona.
La Redacción (The Editors). (1 June 1923). Nuestras ideas y nuestros propósitos.La Revista Blanca 1, 2–3. Emphasis added.
This essay was published in a collection calledThe Enquirer. (1797). G. G. Godwin and J. Robinson, London.
On William Godwin and Malthus' ‘reply’ see Marshall, P. (1992).Demanding the Impossible. A History of Anarchism, Harper Collins, London.
Alvarez Junco, J. (1991).La ideología política del anarquismo español, Siglo XXI, Madrid.
The most complete study of Lluís Bulffi and his group remains Abelló i Güell, T. (1979).El Neomaltusianisme a Catalunya. Lluís Bulffi i la ‘Liga de la Regeneración Humana’, Dissertation, University of Barcelona.
Abelló i Güell, T. notes fromSalud y Fuerza 60, 1914, that most subscribers to the review were in the Barcelona area, and numbered less than sixty, while in Madrid there were nine only.
It would be useful to look at Nash, M. (1984). Neomaltusianismo anarquista y control de natalidad en España. In,Presencia y protagonismo. aspectos de la historia de la mujer, ed. by M. Nash, Ediciones del Serbal, Barcelona.
A clear example of this in the anarchist tradition is the early twentieth century agitation carried out by the Russian anarchist Emma Goldman who lived in America. For Goldman's involvement in these circles see her autobiographicalLiving My Life (II vols), (1987, orig. 1931), Pluto, London.
For a searching critique of Goldman and anarchist ideas on sexual liberation see Haaland, B. (1993).Emma Goldman, Sexuality and the Impurity of the State, Black Rose Books, Montreal, New York, London. Where the view that many of Goldman's ideas in fact implied a tightening of sexual constraint rather than a relaxation is expressed.
El Grupo Editor (The Editors). (June 1923). Presentación.Generación Consciente 1, 1.
Fita Núñez, L. (June 1923). Necesidad de la proceación consciente y limitada.Generación Consciente 1, 2.
Here see for example Puente, I. (February 1932). ‘Consciencia maternal’.Estudios 102, 8, Where the author states that ‘We talk about conscious maternity rather than conscious paternity, since it is the woman and not the man who possesses the reproductive instinct, which makes her play with dolls since early childhood and which later makes her love children passionately’.
That this view had been opposed seven years earlier by E. Armand shows how it was possible for different anarchists to support different ideas which were, at best, contradictory. Armand states that ‘Whilst the woman is in maternity, she is a slave’. See Armand, E. (April 1925) Tesis individualista de la procreación voluntaria.Generación Consciente 21, 3.
Cited in Kevles, D. J. (1986).In the Name of Eugenics. Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity, Penguin, Harmondsworth.
See Galton, F. (1883).Inquiries into Human Faculty and its Development, Macmillan & Co., London, where he talks of ‘eugenics’.
According to Farrall, L. (1979). The history of eugenics: a bibliographical review.Annals of Science XXXIXV(10), 113, the phrase ‘eugenics movement’ was first used by Field, J. A. (1911) in The progress of eugenics.Quarterly Journal of Economics XXVI, 1–67.
Adams, M. (ed) (1990).The Wellborn Science. Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil and Russia, Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford.
In English, see for a discussion of this subject Nash, M. (1992). Social eugenics and nationalist race hygiene in early twentieth century modern Spain.History of European Ideas XV(4–6), 741–748.
On eugenics and the left, see Paul, D. (1984). Eugenics and the left.Journal of the History of Ideas XXXXV, 567–590.
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Cleminson, R. Anarchists for health: Spanish anarchism and health reform in the 1930s. Part I: Anarchism, neo-malthusianism, eugenics and concepts of health. Health Care Anal 3, 61–67 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197195
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02197195