Abstract
The biological effects of endorphins/enkephalins and of interferons closely resemble those attributed to air ions and electro-aerosols. Air ions/electro-aerosols have been reported to affect brain functions and feelings of “well-being”; to have sedative and analgesic effects; to be therapeutically effective in certain viral (e.g., upper respiratory) infections; and to have tumor-attenuating effects. It is, therefore, conceivable that endorphins/enkephalins and interferons might be the mediators of these air ion/electro-aerosol effects.
An experimental approach for testing this hypothesis is described. It calls for mice to be challenged with a suitable agent and to be exposed under appropriate conditions to a negatively charged aerosol of physiological saline 6 hours/day for up to 3 weeks; for the serial sacrifice of subgroups of these mice; for collecting blood and brains of the sacrificed animals; for the bioassay of the sera for interferon; and for radioimmunoassays of brains for endorphins/enkephalins. Special considerations, necessitated by the nature of the experiment, are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ANSELMI, B., BALDI, E., CASSACCI, R., and SALMON, S. (1980): Endogenous opioids in cerebrospinal fluid and blood in idiopathic headache sufferers. Headache, 20: 294–299.
ASSAEL, M., PFEIFER, Y., and SULMAN, F. G. (1974): Influence of artificial air ionization on the human electroencephalogram. Int. J. Biometeorol., 18: 306–312.
BISA, K. (1956): Studien zur elektrischen Raumladungsdichte von Dispersions-Aerosolen. Z. Aerosol-Forsch., 4: 288–303.
BLALOCK, J. E., and SMITH, E. M. (1980): Human leukocyte interferon: Structural and biological relatedness to adrenocorticotropic hormone and endorphins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 77: 5972–5974.
CLEMENT JONES, V., McLOUGHLIN, L., LOWRY, P. J., BESSER, G. M., and REES, L. H. (1979): Acupuncture in heroin addicts: changes in metenkephalin and beta-endorphin in blood and cerebrospinal fluid. Lancet, 25: 380–382.
DAVID, T. A., MINEHART, J. R. and KORNBLUEH, I. H. (1962): Polarized air as an adjunct in the treatment of burns. Amer. J. Phys. Med., 39: 111–113.
DIAMOND, M. C., CONNOR, J. R., JR., ORENBERG, E. K., BISSELL, M., YOST, M., and KRUEGER, A. (1980): Environmental influences on serotonin and cyclic nucleotides in rat cerebral cortex. Science, 210: 652–654.
DIRNAGL, K. (1957): Physik und Technik der Aerosoltherapie. In: Aerosol-Therapie. H. Nückel (ed.). K. F. Schattauer Verlag, Stuttgart.
EICHMEIER, J. (1963): Über den bioklimatischen Einfluss künstlich erzeugter atmosphärischer Kleinionen auf die Atmungsfrequenz, die Pulsfrequenz und den kortikalen α-Rhythmus des Menschen. Elektromedizin, 8: 41.
GERNER, R. H., CATLIN, D. H., GORELICK, D. A., KAKITHUI and CHO HAO LI (1980): β-Endorphin. Intravenous infusion causes behavioral changes in psychiatric inpatients. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 37: 642–647.
GRESSER, I. (ed.). (1979): Interferon 1, 1979, Academic Press, New York, NY.
GRESSER, I. (ed.). (1980): Interferon 2, 1980, Academic Press, New York, NY.
GUALTIEROTTI, R., KORNBLUEH, I. H. and SIRTORI, C. (eds.). (1968): Aeroionotherapy. Carlo Erba Foundation, Milano.
HIMSTEDT, R. (1953): Über die Beeinflussung des vegetativen Nervensystems durch die elektrische Aerosolbehandlung. Arch. Phys. Ther., 3: 198–212.
KINGDON, K. H. (1961): Possible biological effects of electrically charged particles in tobacco smoke. Nature, 189: 180–182.
KOTAKA, S. (1978): Effect of air ions on microorganisms and other biological materials. CRC Critical Reviews in Microbiology, November 1978: 109–149.
KRUEGER, A. P. and KOTAKA, S. (1969): The effects of air ions on brain levels of serotonin in mice. Int. J. Biometeorol., 13: 25–38.
KRUEGER, A. P. and REED, E. J. (1976): Biological impact of small air ions. Science, 193, No. 4259, 1209–1213.
KÜSTER, E. and DITTMAR, C. (1940): Experimentelle Untersuchungen über therapeutische Beeinflussung von Impf- und Spontantumoren durch Behandlung der Versuchstiere mit unipolar negativ hochionisierter Luft. Ztschr. Krebsforch., 50: 457–464.
LAMPERT, H. (1938): Physikalische Therapie. Steinkopf Verlag, Dresden.
LENARD, P. (1915): Über Wasserfallelektrizität and über die Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der Flüssigkeiten. Ann. Phys., 47: 463.
LOEB, L. B. (1939): Fundamental Processes of Electrical Discharge in Gas. J. Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
MINEHART, J. R., DAVID, T. A. and KORNBLUEH, I. H. (1958): Artificial ionization and the burned patient. Med. Sci., 3: 363–367.
MINEHART, J. R., DAVID, T. A., McGURK, F. J. and KORNBLUEH, I. H. (1961): The effect of artificially ionized air on post-operative discomfort. Am. J. Phys. Med., 40: 56–62.
NICOLL, R. A., ALGER, B. E. and JALER, C. E. (1980): Enkephalin blocks inhibitory pathways in the vertebrate CNS. Nature, 287: 22–25.
REGELSBERGER, H. (1949): Das Elektrodermatogramm und seine Messung. Med. Klin., 26: 817–825.
SCHULZ, K. H. (1965): Die Bedeutung der Luftelektrizität, der Elektro-Aerosoltherapie, der direkten elektrostatischen Aufladungstherapie nach Takata und ihre biologische Wirkung auf das vegetative Nervensystem unter Berücksichtigung des Vegetonogramms. Zbl. Biol. Aerosol-Forsch., 12: 206–212; ibid: 455–466.
SILVERMAN, D. and KORNBLUEH, I. H. (1957): Effects of artificial ionization of the air on the electro-encephalogram. Amer. J. Phys. Med., 36: 352–358.
SOKOLOFF, B., EDDY, W. H., STRELTZOR, BLY, R., WILLIAMS, J. and SCIORTINO, L. (1951): The effect of negative ionization on transplanted tumors. Cancer Res., 11: 4.
STEWART, W. E., II. (1979): The Interferon System. Springer, New York, NY.
SULMAN, F. G. (1976): Health, Weather and Climate. S. Karger, New York, NY.
SULMAN, F. G., LEVY, D., LEVY, A., PFEIFER, Y., SUPERSTINE, E. and TAL, E. (1974): Air-ionometry of hot, dry dessert winds (Sharav) and treatment with air ions of weather-sensitive subjects. Int. J. Biometeor., 18: 313–318.
VILENKIN, L., and ROSSIYSKY, D. (1936): Electro-aeroionotherapy for influenza. Acta Med. Scand., 89: 190.
WEHNER, A. P. (1962a): Electro-aerosol therapy. I. Am. J. Phys. Med. 41: 23–40.
WEHNER, A. P. (1962b): Electro-aerosol therapy. II. Am. J. Phys. Med. 41: 67–86.
WEHNER, A. P. (1966): Die Entwicklung der Elektroaerosologie in den USA. Zschr. Biol. Aerosol-Forsch., 13: 1–38.
WEHNER, A. P. (1967): Weitere Erfahrungen mit der Elektroaerosolinhalationstherapie bei Erkrankungen des Atmungssystems. Z. Biol. Aerosol-Forsch., 13: 557–565.
WEHNER, A. P. (1969): Electro-aerosols, air ions and physical medicine. Amer. J. Phys. Med., 48: 119–149.
WEHNER, A. P., SEHMEL, G. A., SCHWENDIMAN, L. C. and HARTER, J. G. (1970): Unipolarly charged aerosols. Effect on deposition in tubes and on droplet size. Arch. Environ. Health, 20: 28–36.
WEHNER, A. P. (1981): Stimulation of interferon by electro-aerosols? A hypothesis. Zschr. f. Erkrankungen d. Atmungsorgane, 157: 247–251.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wehner, A.P. Stimulation of interferons and endorphins/enkephalins by electro-aerosol inhalation? An experimental approach for testing an expanded hypothesis. Int J Biometeorol 28, 47–53 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02193514
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02193514