Summary
We investigated the frequency of personality disorders (PDs) and the relationship between the pressence of PD and the 4-month outcome of depression under adequate antidepressant therapy in a Japanese sample of 96 outpatients with non-bipolar major depression. The diagnosis of PD was made using a structured interiew method (the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R Personality Disorders) and after severe depressive symptoms were reduced. Any one kind of PD was found in 54.2% of the saple. The most frequent was avidant (34–4%), obsessived-compulsive (22.9%), narcisstic (18.8%), and dependent (16.7%) PDs. The frequencies of these PDs in our study except narcisstic PD, were about the same as those reported in previous studies with a matched setting for the PD diagnosis. Compared with patients without PD, a worse outcome was found in patients with PD, especially patients with multiple PDs from multiple PD clussters. There was no evidence that a specific PD or PD cluster especially worsens the outcome of depression.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akiskal HS, Hirschfeld R, Yerevanian B (1983) The relationship of personality to afective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 40:801–810
Alnaes R, Torgersen S (1988) DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outpatient population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78:348–355
Alnaes R, Torgersen S (1988) The relationship between DSM-III symptom disorders (Axis I) and personality disorders (Axis II) in an outopatient population. Acta Psychiatr Scand 78:485–492
Alnaes R, Torgersen S (1989) Clinical differentiation between major depression only, major depression with panic disorder and panic disorder only. Acta Psychiatr Scand 79:370–377
American Psychiatric Association (1980) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentla disorders, 3rd edition. American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 3rd editioin revised. American Psychiatric Association, Washington D.C.
Barto J, Carpenter W (1976) On the methods and theory of reliability, J Nerv Ment Dis 163:307–317
Black D, Bell S, Hulbert J, Nasrallah A (1988) The importance of Axis II in patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 14:115–122
Charney D, Nelson C, Quinlan D (1981) Personality traits and disorder in depression. Am J Psychiatry 138:1601–1604
Davidson J, Miller R, Strickland R (1985) Neuroticism and personality disorder in, depression. J Affect Disord 8:177–182
Fabrega H, Mezzich J, Mezzich A, coffman G (1986) Descriptive validity of DSM-III depressions. J Nerv Ment Dis 174:573–584
Fogel B, Westlake R (1990) Personality disorder diagnoses and age in inpatients with major deprssion. J Clin psychiatry 51:232–235
Goethe J, Szarek B, Cook W (1988) A comparsion of adequately vs. inadequately treated depressed patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 176:465–470
Hamilton M (1967) Development of a rating scale for primary depressive illness. Br J Soc Clin Psychiatry 6:278–296
Joffe R, Regan J (1988) Personality and depression. J Psychiatry Res 22:279–286
Joffe R, Regan J (1989) Pesonality and depression: A further evaluation. J Psychiatry Res 23:299–301
Koenigsberg H, Kaplan R, Gilmore M, Cooper A (1985) The relationship between syndrome and personality disorder in DSM-III: Experience with 2,462 patients. Am J Psychiatry 142:207–212
Loranger A (1988) Personality disorder examination. The New York Hospital Cornell Medical Center, New York
Morey L (1988) Personality disorders in DSM-III and DSM0-III-R: Convergence, coverage, and internal consistency. Am J Psychiatry 145:573–577
Pfohl B, Stangl D, Zimmerman M (1983) Structured interview for DSM-III personality disorders (SIDP), 2nd edition. University of Iowa College of Medicine. Iowa.
Pfohl B, Stangl D, Zimmerman M (1984) The implications of DSM-III personality disorders for patients with major depression. J Affect Disord 7:309–318
Pfohl B, Coryell W, Zimmerman M, Stangl D (1987) Prognostic validity of self-report and interview measures of personality disorder in depressed inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 48:486–472
Pikosnis P, Frank E (1988) Personality pathology in recurrent depression: Nature prevalence, and relationship, to treatment response. Am J Psychiatry 145:435–441
Reich J, Noyes R (1985) A comparison of DSM-IIi personality disorders in acutely ill panic and depressed patients. J Anxiety Disord 1:123–131
Reich J (1990) The effect of DSM-III personality disorders on outcome of tricyclic antidepressant traated nonpsychotic out-patients with major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res 32:175–181
Shea M-T, Glass D, Pilkons P, Watkins J, Docherty J (1987) Frequency and implications of personality disorders in a sample of depressed outpatients. J Pers Disord 1:27–42
Shea M-T, Pilkonis P, Beckham E, Collins J, Elkin I, Sotsky S, Docherty J (1990) Personality disorders and treatment outcome in the NIMH treatment of depression collaborative program. Am J Psychiatry 147:711–718
Spitzer R, Williams J (1987) Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders (SCID II). Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institue, new Yorkl
Spitzer R, Williams J, Gibbon M First M (1990) Structured clinical interview for DSM-III-R (SCID), user's guide American Psychiatric Press, Washington D.C.
Stangl D, Pfohl B, Zimmerman M, Bowers W, Corenthal C (1985) A structured interview for the DSM-III personality disorders: A preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 42591–596
Tölle R, Peikert A, Rieke A (1987) Persönlichkeitsstörungen bei melancholiekranken. Nervenarzt 58:227–236
Vaglum P, Friis S, Vaglum S, Larsen F (1989) Comparison between personality disorder diagnoses in DSM-III and DSM-III-R: Reliability, diagnosis overlap, predictive validity. Psychopathology 22:309–314
Weltzler S, Kahn R, Cahn W, Van Praag H, Asis G (1990) Psychological test characteristics of depressed and panic patients. Psychiatry Res 31:309–314.
Zerssen D von (in print) Normal and abnormal variants of premorbid personality in functional metal disorders: Conceptual and methodological issues. J Pers Disord
Zimmerman M, Coryell W, Pfohl B, Corenthal C, Stangl D (1986) ECT responsse in depressed patients with and witout a DSM-III personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 143:1030–1032
Zimmerman M, Pfohl B, Coryell W, Corenthal C, Stangl D (1991) Major depression and personality disorder. J Affect Disord 22:199–210
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Sato, T., Sakado, K. & Sato, S. DSM-III-R personality disorders in outpatients with non-bipolar depression: The frequency in a sample of Japanese and the relationship to the 4-month outcome under adequate antidepressant therapy. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Nuerosci 242, 273–278 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02190386
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02190386