Summary
The variability in nodulation and nitrogen fixation traits ofTrifolium repens (cv. S. 100) supplied with abundant nitrate nitrogen was examined using an aseptic tube culture technique. Nodule numbers varied from 0 to 20 per plant and acetylene reduction activity from 0 to 49 nmol C2H4/plant per h. Plants were selected from this variable population for high, low and zero nodule numbers. Plants within groups were intercrossed and progeny used to establish high, low and zero nodule families. These were subsequently tested for nodulation and acetylene reduction activity in the presence and absence of combined nitrogen. When grown with nitrate the control populations (unselected S. 100 and Pronitro) averaged 3.05 nodules per plant, the high family averaged 4 per plant while the low line averaged 1 nodule per plant (P<0.05). Nodule numbers were strongly correlated with acetylene reduction activity (r= +0.92) but C2H4 production was generally low, averaging respectively 4.9 and 3.1 nmol/plant per h in the high and low lines.
In the absence of nitrate nodule numbers increased to an average of 50 per plant and acetylene reduction activity rose to 175.5 nmol/plant per h. There was no correlation between ability of selection lines to nodulate in the presence and absence of nitrate.
The results demonstrate the existence of heritable genetic factors controlling nodulation and nitrogenase activity in the presence of nitrate, but the phenotypic expression of these characters is so strongly inhibited by nitrate that increases in nitrogen fixation in the presence of combined nitrogen which are likely to be of agricultural significance would require much greater genetic improvements than those demonstrated here. The possibilities for such improvements are discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allos H F and Bartholomew W V 1955 Effect of available nitrogen on symbiotic fixation. Proc. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. 19, 182–184.
Allos H F and Bartholomew W V 1959 Replacement of symbiotic nitrogen by available nitrogen. Soil Sci. 87, 61–66.
Barnes D F 1978 Summary of proceedings.In Selecting and Breeding Legumes for Enhanced Nitrogen Fixation. Ed. T A LaRue. Boyce Thompson Institute at Cornell, Ithaca, N.Y. pp 16–18.
Buchanan-Wollaston V, Cannon M C, Begnon J L and Cannon F C 1981 Role of thenif A gene product in the regulation ofnif expression inKlebsiella pneumoniae. Nature 294, 776–778.
Connolly V, Masterson C L and Conniffe D 1969 Some genetic aspects of the symbiotic relationship between white clover (Trifolium repens) andRhizobium trifolii. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 39, 206–213.
Cooke G W 1975 Fertilizing for Maximum Yield. 2nd ed. Crosby, Lockwood, Staples, London.
Copeland R and Pate J S 1970 Nitrogen metabolism of nodulated white clover in the presence and absence of nitrate nitrogen.In White Clover Research. Ed. J Lowe. Occ. Symp. No 6, Br. Grassld Soc. pp 71–77.
Darbyshire F J 1966 Studies on the physiology of nodule formation. IX The influence of combined nitrogen, glucose, light intensity, day length on root hair infection in clover. Ann. Bot. 30, 623–638.
Davies W E and Young N R 1967 Long term storage of white clover seeds. Rep. Welsh Pl. Breed. Stn. for 1966, pp 58–60.
Eady R 1981 Regulation of nitrogenase activity.In Current Perspectives in Nitrogen Fixation. Eds. A H Gibson and W E Newton. Aust. Acad. Sci. Canberra, pp 172–181.
Gordon J K and Brill W J 1972 Mutants that produce nitrogenase in the presence of ammonia. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. USA 69, 3501–3503.
Hanson W D 1963 Heritability.In Statistical Genetics and Plant Breeding. Eds. W D Hanson and H F Robinson. Publ. 982 Natn. Acad. Sci., Nat. Res. Coun. Washington, DC pp 125–140.
Haystead A and Marriot C 1979 Effects of rates and times of application of starter dressings of nitrogen fertiliser to surface sown perennial ryegrass-white-clover on hill peat. Grass and Forage Sci. 34, 241–247.
Hely F W 1972 Genetic studies with the wild diploidTrifolium ambiguum with respect to time of nodulation. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23, 437–446.
Imrie B C 1975 The use of agar tube culture for early selection for nodulation ofDesmodium intortum. Euphytica 24, 625–631.
Jensen H L 1942 Nitrogen fixation in leguminous plants. II Is symbiotic nitrogen fixation influenced by Azotobacter? Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 67, 205–212.
Jones D G 1972 Variation in nodulation characteristics in S.100 Nomark white clover (Trifolium repens L.). J. Sci. Fd. Agric. 13, 598–603.
Jones D G and Burrows A C 1968 Breeding for increased nodule tissue in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). J. Agric. Sci., Camb. 71, 73–79.
Kennedy C, Cannon F, Cannon M, Dixon R, Hill S, Jensen J, Kumar S, Mcclean P, Merrick M, Robson R and Postgate J 1981 Recent advances in the genetics and regulation of nitrogen fixation.In Current Perspectives in Nitrogen Fixation. Eds. A H Gibson and W E Newton. Aust. Acad. Sci. Canberra, pp 146–156.
Mytton L R 1973 The effect of seed weight on the early growth and nodulation of white clover. Ann. Appl. Biol. 73, 329–338.
Mytton L R and Jones D G 1971 The response of selection for increased nodule tissue in white clover (Trifolium repens L.). Plant and Soil Special Vol. pp 17–25.
Nicholas D B and Haydock K P 1971 Variation in growth and nodulation ofGlycine wightii under controlled environment. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 22, 223–230.
Nutman P S 1967 Varietal differences in nodulation of subterranean clover. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 18, 381–425.
Rawsthorne S, Minchin F R, Summerfield K J, Cookson C and Coombs J 1980 Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in legume root nodules. Phytochemistry 19, 341–355.
Rys G J 1982 Aspects of nitrogen fixation by white clover (Trifolium repens L.) — Symbiotic variation in response to combined nitrogen. PhD Thesis, University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 396 pp.
Rys G J and Mytton L R 1985 The potential for breeding white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation when grown with combined nitrogen. 1. The effects of different amounts of nitrate nitrogen on phenotypic variation. Plant and Soil 88, 181–195.
Shanmugam K T, O'Gara F, Andersen K and Valentine R C 1978 Biological nitrogen fixation. Ann. Rev. Pl. Physiol. 29, 263–276.
Shanmugam K T and Valentine R C 1975 Microbial production of ammonium ion from nitrogen. Proc. Natn. Acad. Sci. USA 72, 136–139.
Steel R S D and Torrie J H 1960 Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw Hill, New York.
Whitehead D C 1970 The Role of Nitrogen in Grassland Productivity. Bull. 48, Common-wealth Bur. Past. Fld Crops, Hurley, Berkshire.
Witty J F, Minchin F R, Sheehy J E and Minguez M I 1984 Acetylene-induced changes in oxygen diffusion resistance and nitrogenase activity of legume root nodules. Ann. Bot. 53, 13–20.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mytton, L.R., Rys, G.J. The potential for breeding white clover (Trifolium repens L.) with improved nodulation and nitrogen fixation when grown with combined nitrogen. Plant Soil 88, 197–211 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182446
Received:
Revised:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02182446