Skip to main content
Log in

Saccadic eye movements in normal children from 8 to 15 years of age: A developmental study of visuospatial attention

  • Published:
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This cross-sectional study used saccadic eye movements, as measured by infrared occulography, to assess several aspects of visuospatial attention in normal children ages 8–15 years. Saccadic latency (a global measure of the ability to shift visuospatial attention), the ability to suppress extraneous saccades during fixation, and the ability to inhibit task-provoked anticipatory saccades all improve with age. However, the pattern of development differs for different tasks; saccadic latency shortens at a linear rate across the age range 8–15 years, while the capacity to inhibit anticipatory saccades matures by 12–13 years of age, and the ability to suppress saccades matures by 10 years of age. Analyses of age-related changes in oculomotor measures of attention may provide a novel approach in the study of children with attentional difficulties.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, J. C., Williams, S., McGee, R., & Silva, P. A. (1987). DSM-III disorders in pre-adolescent children.Archives of General Psychiatry, 44, 69–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, W. (1989). Metrics. In R. H. Wurtz, & M. E. Goldberg (Eds.),The neurobiology of saccadic eye movements (pp. 13–68). Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science Publishers, B. V.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird, H. R., Canino, G., Rubio-Stipee, M., Gould, M. S., Ribera, J., Sesman, M., Woodbury, M., Huertas-Goldman, S., Pagan, A., Sanchez-Lacy, A., & Moscoso, M. (1988). Estimates of the prevalence of childhood maladjustment in a community survey in Puerto Rico.Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 1120–1126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, D. J., Riddle, M. A., & Leckman, J. F. (1992). Pharmacotherapy of Tourette's syndrome and associated disorders.Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15, 109–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M. E., & Ross, L. E. (1977). Saccade latency in children and adults.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 23, 539–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Draper, N. R., & Smith, H. (1981).Applied regression analysis (2nd ed.) New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, B., & Breitmeyer, B. (1987). Mechanisms of visual attention revealed by saccadic eye movements.Neuropsychobgia, 25, 73–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hommer, D. W., Clem, T., Litman, R., & Pickar, D. (1991). Maladaptive anticipatory saccades in schizophrenia.Biological Psychiatry, 30, 779–794.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kowler, E., & Martins, A. (1982). Eye movements of preschool children.Science, 215, 997–999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leigh, R. J., & Zee, D. S.The neurology of eye movements (2nd ed., pg. 405). Philadelphia: F. A. Davis Company.

  • Mayfrank, L., Mobashery, M., Kimmig, H., & Fischer, B. (1986). The role of fixation and visual attention in the occurrence of express saccades in man.European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Science, 235, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. K. (1969). Eye-movement latency as a function of age, stimulus uncertainty, and position in the visual field.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 28, 631–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. G. Jr. (1981).Simultaneous statistical inference. New York: Springer-Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickoloff, S. E., Radant, A. D., Reichler, R., & Hommer, D. W. (1991). Smooth pursuit and saccadic eye movements and neurological soft signs in obsessive-compulsive disorder.Psychiatry Research, 38, 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paus, T. (1989). The development of sustained attention in children might be related to the maturation of frontal cortical functions.Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis (Warsaw), 49, 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paus, T., Babenko, V., & Radil, T. (1990). Development of an ability to maintain verbally instructed central gaze fixation studied in 8-to 10-year-old children.International Journal of Psychophysiology, 10, 53–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I.(1980). Orienting of attention.Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 32, 3–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., Walker, J. A., Friedrich, F. J., & Rafal, R. D. (1984). Effects of parietal injury on covert orienting of attention.Journal of Neuroscience, 4, 1863–1874.

    Google Scholar 

  • Posner, M. I., & Peterson, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain.Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Radant, A. D., & Hommer, D. W. (1992). A quantitative analysis of saccades and smooth pursuit during visual pursuit tracking: A comparison of schizophrenics with normals and substance abusing controls.Schizophrenia Research, 6, 225–235.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R. G., Radant, A. D., & Hommer, D. W. (1993). A developmental study of smooth pursuit eye movements in normal children from 7 to 15 years of age.Journal of the American Academy Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 783–791.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. M., & Ross, L. E. (1983). The effects of onset and offset warning and post-target stimuli on the saccade latency of children and adults.Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 36, 340–355.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, S. M., & Ross, L. E. (1987). Children's and adults' predictive saccades to square-wave targets.Vision Research, 27, 2177–2180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffe, H. (1959).The analysis of variance. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seber, G. A. F., & Wild, C. J. (1989).Nonlinear regression. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streissguth, A. P., Martin, D. C., Bart, H. M., Sandman, B. M., Kirchner, G. L., & Darby, B. L. (1984). Intrauterine alcohol and nicotine exposure: Attention and reaction time in 4-year-old children.Developmental Psychology, 20, 533–541.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swanson, J. M., Posner, M. P., Potkin, S., Bonforte, S., Youpa, D., Fiore, C., Cantwell, D., & Crinella, F. (1991). Activating tasks for the study of visual-spatial attention in ADHD children: A cognitive approach.Journal of Child Neurology, 6 (Suppl.) S117-S125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weschler, D. (1974).Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. A. (1992).Simultaneous confidence intervals for functions of the parameters of a nonlinear mixed-effects model. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, University of Colorado Medical School, Denver.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zerbe, G. O., Archer, P. G., Banchero, N., & Lechner, A. J. (1982). On comparing regression lines with unequal slopes.American Journal of Physiology, 242, R178–180.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ross, R.G., Radant, A.D., Hommer, D.W. et al. Saccadic eye movements in normal children from 8 to 15 years of age: A developmental study of visuospatial attention. J Autism Dev Disord 24, 413–431 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172126

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02172126

Keywords

Navigation