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Reserveproteinforschung und Genbank

Storage protein research and germplasm bank

Изучение запасных белков и генный банк

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Zusammenfassung

Als Faktoren für ein qualitatives Wachstum im landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenbau gewinnen Proteinertrag, Proteingehalt und Proteinqualität von Getreiden und Körnerleguminosen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Züchtung neuer ertrag- und proteinreicher Sorten sowie die Verbesserung der ernährungsphysiologischen Qualität von Samenproteinen geht vor allem von einer möglichst großen Variationsbreite in den Eiweißmerkmalen der Samen aus. Getreide- und Körnerleguminosen-Kollektionen der Genbank des Gaterslebener Institutes wurden systematisch nach Formen mit besonders günstigen Werten der Proteinmerkmale durchforscht. Mit Hilfe der Mutationsinduktion konnte die Variationsbreite im Proteingehalt bei Gersten ausgeweitet und an diesem Material die Aussicht auf Nutzung dieses Merkmals zur Züchtung neuer ertrag- und proteinreicher Sorten grundsätzlich geprüft werden. Grundlagenforschung über die Eigenschaften von Reserveproteinen, über ihre Biosynthese und Akkumulation während der Samenentwicklung ergab Erklärungen für eine Reihe von Problemen, die bei der züchterischen Nutzung proteinreicher oder in der Proteinqualität verbesserter Ausgangsformen auftreten. In neuester Zeit beginnt die Anwendung der Gentechnik neue Wege zur gezielten Erweiterung der Variationsbreite von Eiweißqualitätsmerkmalen zu eröffnen. In der vorliegenden Übersicht werden die Beiträge des Zentralinstitutes für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung zur Grundlagenforschung auf dem Gebiet der Biochemie und Genetik von Samenproteinen aus einem Zeitraum von nunmehr 30 Jahren zusammengefaßt und die zukünftigen Aussichten zur Lösung der Proteinprobleme in der Getreide-und Körnerleguminationszüchtung diskutiert.

Summary

The importance of protein yield, protein content, and protein quality of cereal grains and grain legumes increases as a factor of qualitative growth in agriculture. The extent of variability in protein characters represents a predominating basis for the breeding of new high yielding, protein rich and nutritionally improved varieties. Cereal and grain legume collections of the germplasm bank of the Gatersleben institute have been systematically screened with respect to specimens with outstanding protein characters. The variation in protein content of barley caryopses was extended by mutation induction, and the resulting mutants were used to investigate the general potentials for improving protein yield of barley by breeding varieties with increased grain protein content. Basic research was performed on the charakters of storage proteins, as well as on their biosynthesis and accumulation during legume seed development. The results explained several of the difficulties that arose in the breeding of protein-rich high-yielding varieties and in improving the nutritional quality of seed proteins, respectively. At present, the application of genetic engineering methods promises to open new possibilities of controlled amplification of nutritional characters of crop seed proteins. The review summarizes the contributions of the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung from 30 years of basic research on biochemistry and genetics of crop seed proteins, and discusses finally the perspectives for future solutions of the problems in breeding for high protein yield and improved grain protein quality, respectively.

Краткое содержание

В сельскохозяйстве нном растениеводстве зерновых и зернобобовых культур такие факторы качественного роста как: сбор (сырого) белка на единицу площади, его содержание и качество, приобретают все более возрастающее значение. Культивирование новых высокоурожайных и богатых белком сортов, а также улучшение питательно-физиолог ического качества белков семян, исходит, прежде всего, из как можно более широкой амплитуды вариации белковых показателей у семян. Коллекции зерновых и зернобобовых культур генного банка гатерслебенского института были систематически исследованы в поисках форм с особо благоприятными значениями белковых показателей. С помощью индукций мутаций смогли расширить амплитуду вариации на содержание белка у ячменя и на ¶rt;том материале смоги проверить принципиальную возможность использования ¶rt;того признака для выведения новых высокоурожайных и богатых белком сортов. Фундаментальное исследование свойств запасных белков, их биозинтеза и аккумуляции во время развития семян способствовало решению ряда проблем, возникших при селекционном использовании, богатых белком или улучшенных по качеству белка, исходных форм. В настоящее время применение генной инженерии открывает новые пути для направленного расширения амплитулы вариации признаков качества белка. В предлагаемом обозрении обобщается вклад Центрального института генетики и исследования культурных растений в фундаментальные исследования в области биохимии и генетики белков семян на протяжении последних 30 лет и обсуждаются будущие перспективы для решения белковой проблемы в селекции зерновых и зернобобовых культур.

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Dem Gründer und ersten Direktor unseres Institutes, Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. hc. mult.Hans Stubbe, in Dankbarkeit zu seinem 85. Geburtstag gewidmet.

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Müntz, K., Lehmann, C.O. Reserveproteinforschung und Genbank. Die Kulturpflanze 35, 25–52 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02163328

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