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Solvent sniffing death

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Summary

Sniffing of organic solvents has been known in Finland for the last 10–20 years. The materials most frequently used were cleansing agents and paint thinners, containing trichloroethylene or toluene. Between 1968 and 1971, 23 deaths caused by organic solvents occurred in Finland, 12 of them were attributed to sniffing. In the latter cases, involving individuals between the ages of 14 and 25, social conditions and forensic medical findings are presented. In 4 cases microscopic examinations of organs were performed. In 6 cases the cause of death was considered complicated by: traumatic rupture of lungs by pleural adhesions and pneumothorax, suffocation by aspiration of vomitus, solvent poisoning and moderate coronary sclerosis, poisoning by sniffing agent plus hypnotics, and acute poisoning by a toluene-alcohol mixture. The remaining 6 cases with no precise cause of death were attributed to the sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSD). Trichloroethylene was found in every case. Various mechanisms causing SSD were postulated: chemical pneumonitis, anoxia, hypercapnia, shock, capillary and tissue damages, cardiac sensitization or certain forms of stress.

Zusammenfassung

Während der letztvergangenen 10 bis 20 Jahre ist das „Sniffen“ von Lösungsmitteln auch in Finnland geübt worden. Die am häufigsten gebrauchten Stoffe waren Trichloräthylen oder Toluen enthaltende Reinigungsmittel und Farbverdünner. In den Jahren 1968–1971 wurden in Finnland 23 Lösungsmitteltode vorgefunden, wovon 12 dem „Sniffen“ zugeschrieben wurden. Betreffs dieser Fälle, mit Altern von 14 bis 25 Jahren, werden die sozialen Verhältnisse und gerichtsmedizinischen Befunde dargestellt. In 4 Fällen wurden mikroskopische Untersuchungen von Organen vorgenommen. In 6 Fällen wird die zugrundeliegende Todesursache als kompliziert erachtet: traumatische Ruptur der Lungen durch Rippenfelladhäsionen und Pneumothorax, Ersticken infolge Einatmens von Erbrochenem, Lösungsmittel-vergiftung und mäßige Coronarsklerose, kombinierte Vergiftung durch Riechmittel und Hypnotica sowie akute Vergiftung (Toluen + Alkohol). Die übrigen 6 Fälle ohne genau angebbare oder komplizierte Todesursache wurden dem plötzlichen „Riechtodsyndrom“ (SSD = Sudden Sniffing Death) zugeschrieben, und zwar wurde in jedem dieser Fälle Trichloräthylen vorgefunden. Verschiedene Ursachenmechanismen für SSD werden postuliert: chemische Pneumonitis, Anoxie, Hyperkapnie, Schock, Capillar- und Gewebeschäden, Herzirritation oder gewisse Formen von Streß.

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Alha, A., Korte, T. & Tenhu, M. Solvent sniffing death. Z Rechtsmed 72, 299–305 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02114888

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