Abstract
The downward short- and long-wave radiation fluxes at the sea surface (S↓, εL↓) were measured aboard the R/VHakuho Maru, University of Tokyo, for the period of 117 days on six cruises from 1981 to 1985 in the western North Pacific near Japan. The upward fluxes of short- and long-wave radiation (S↓, εL↑) were calculated by Payne's (1972) table and the Stefan-Boltzmann's law, respectively. The sensible and laten heat fluxes (Q h ,Q e ) were also estimated from an aerodynamic bulk method.
From April to August, the daily mean value ofS↓ varied with the amplitude of 100∼200 Wm−2. The value ofS↑ was estimated approximately 6% ofS↓ in all seasons. The difference betweenεL↓ andεL↑ was so small that the net radiation flux (Q n ) was dominated byS↓. In addition, the net heat flux at the sea surface was also dominated byS↓ due to small values ofQ h andQ e , and then the ocean was warmed at the rate of 111 Wm−2 in April and 63 Wm−2 in August in the Oyashio Area, and 132 Wm−2 in May and 164 Wm−2 in June in the Kuroshio Area, respectively.
From September to March, a remarkable negative correlation between the day to day variation ofS↓ and that ofεL↓ was observed except when an intense cold air outbreak occurred. It was found that the correlation was caused by the cloud climatological feature of the western North Pacific in this period.S↓ was not a dominant factor in the net heat flux. The value ofQ h +Q e in the Kuroshio Area ranged from 260 Wm−2 to 630 Wm−2, much larger thanQ n which ranged from −8 Wm−2 to 92 Wm−2 in the leg mean values (each leg period was about 10 days). Then the ocean was cooled at the rate of −160∼−620 Wm−2 during this period. The net heat flux in the Kuroshio Area averaged over five legs from late November to February was −473 Wm−2. This value is 50∼100% larger than the climatological values reported so far.
The temporal and spatial variability of radiation fluxes and heat fluxes during each leg was also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bathen, K.E. (1971): Heat storage and advection in the northern North Pacific. J. Geophys. Res.,76, 676–687.
Berliand, T.G. (1960): Methods of climatological computation of total incoming solar radiation. Meteorologia i Gidrologia,6, 9–12.
Budyko, M.I. (1956): The Heat Balance of the Earth's Surface (in Russian). Gidrometerologicheskoe, Leningrad, 253 pp.
Budyko, M.I. (1963): Atlas of the Heat Balance of the Earth (in Russian). Academy of Science, Moscow, 69 pp.
Hishida, K. and K. Nishiyama (1969): On the variation of heat exchange and evaporation at the sea surface in the western North Pacific Ocean. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan,25, 1–9.
Hsiung, J. (1986): Mean surface energy fluxes over the global ocean. J. Geophys. Res.,91, 10,585–10,606.
ICSU/WMO (1983): Large-scale oceanographic experiments in the world climate research programme. WCRP publication series, No. 1, vol. 2, ICSU/WMO, 544 pp.
Ishii, T. and J. Kondo (1987): Seasonal variation of the heat balance of the East China Sea (in Japanese). Tenki,34, 517–526.
Jacobs, W.C. (1942): On the energy exchange between sea and atmosphere. J. Mar. Res.,1, 37–66.
Kano, M. (1974): Radiation data requirement. p. 116–118.In: AMTEX '74 Data Report, Vol. 4, Boundary Layer and Radiation Observations, ed. by Y. Mitsuta and T. Fujita, Management Committee for AMTEX, Japan.
Kano, M., M. Suzuki and M. Miyauchi (1975): On the measurement of hemispherical longwave radiation flux in the daytime. Pap. Met. Geophys.,26, 111–119.
Kawai, H. (1972): Hydrography of the Kuroshio Extension. p. 235–352.In: Kuroshio, ed. by H. Stommel and K. Yoshida, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo.
Kimball, H.H. (1928): Amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface of the earth on the land and on the sea and methods by which it is measured. Mon. Wea. Rev.,56, 393–399.
Koizumi, M. (1956): Research on the variations of oceanographic conditions in the region of the ocean weather station “Extra” in the North Pacific Ocean (III). Pap. Met. Geophys.,6, 273–283.
Kondo, J. (1975): Air-sea bulk transfer coefficients in diabatic conditions. Boundary-Layer Meteor.,9, 91–112.
Kondo, J. (1976): Heat balance of the East China Sea during AMTEX. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,54, 382–398.
Kondo, J. (1977): Comparison of the Kondo's bulk transfer coefficient with the recently-made direct observations of fluxes on the sea surface. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,55, 319–323.
Kondo, J. (1985): Surface heat budget of the western North Pacific for May 1979. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,63, 633–646.
Kurasawa, Y., K. Hanawa and Y. Toba (1983): Heat balance of the surface layer of the sea at Ocean Weather Station T. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan,39, 192–202.
Naito, G., Y. Tsuji and I. Watabe (1976a): Transfer of the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat, and the radiation flux in the sea area south of the Nansei Islands in winter (in Japanese with English abstract). Rep. Natl. Res. Cent. Disaster Prev., Tokyo, No. 14, 1–35.
Naito, G., Y. Tsuji and I. Watabe (1976b): Transfer of the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat and latent heat, and the radiation flux in the sea area south of the Nansei Islands in winter (II) (in Japanese with English abstract). Rep. Natl. Res. Cent. Disaster Prev., Tokyo, No. 15, 101–143.
Ogura, Y. and A. Takeda, editors (1969): Preliminary Report of the Hakuho Maru Cruise KH-69-3 (GARP Cruise). Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, 63 pp.
Otobe, H., A. Nishikawa, K. Kutsuwada and T. Asai (1982): Direct measurements of radiation fluxes in the tropical western Pacific. p. 144–146. In: Rep. Scientific Results on MONEX in Japan, ed. by T. Asai, Japanese National Committee for MONEX.
Otobe, H., T. Nakai and A. Hattori (1983): Heat energy exchange across the sea surface of the Bering Sea and the northern North Pacific in summer; estimates from direct measurements of radiation fluxes. Deep-Sea Res.,30, 1023–1031.
Otobe, H. and T. Asai (1985): Heat balance of the upper ocean under a land and sea breeze in Sagami Bay in summer. J. Oceanogr. Soc. Japan,41, 299–306.
Payne, R.E. (1972): Albedo of the sea surface. J. Atmos. Sci.,28, 959–970.
Sato, T. (1983): A method to measure the daytime longwave radiation. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,61, 301–305.
Simpson, J.J. and C.A. Paulson (1979): Mid-ocean observations of atmospheric radiation. Quart. J. R. Meteor. Soc.,105, 487–502.
Smith, S.D. and F.W. Dobson (1984): The heat budget at Ocean Weather Station Bravo. Atmos-phere-Ocean,22, 1–22.
Tally, L.D. (1984): Meridional heat transport in the Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr.,14, 231–241.
Weare, B.C., P.T. Strub and M.D. Samuel (1981): Annual mean surface heat fluxes in the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Phys. Oceanogr,11, 705–717.
Wyrtki, K. (1965): The average annual heat balance of the North Pacific Ocean and its relation to ocean circulation. J. Geophys. Res.,70, 4547–4559.
Wyrtki, K. (1966): Seasonal Variation of Heat Exchange and Surface Temperature in the North Pacific Ocean. Hawaii Institute of Geophysics, Univ. Hawaii, 72 pp.
Yasuda, N. (1975): Measurement of thermal radiation flux during daytime. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan,58, 263–266.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Otobe, H. Radiation balance and heat budget at the ocean/atmosphere interface in the western North Pacific. Journal of the Oceanographical Society of Japan 45, 134–153 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02108887
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02108887