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Lower Miocene (Aquitanien-Burdigalian) palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent

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Zusammenfassung

Die Paläobiogeographie des unteren Miocän (Aquitan-Burdigal) läßt sich auf dem indischen Subkontinent aus den palökologischen Daten rekonstruieren. Zu dieser Zeit gab es viele marine Invertebraten und terrestrische Vertebraten-Faunen, die große marine Transgression anzeigen. Die Mollusken des Westens (Find-Baluchistan) und Ostens (Garo-Gebirge) sind unterschiedlich. Die Mollusken des Garo-Gebirges sind mit den Spezies von Burma verwandt. Dagegen sind die Faunen von Sind-Baluchistan für die mediterrane Faunenprovinz typisch. Die marinen Mollusken sind verwandt mit den Faunen des Arabischen Meeres und der Bucht von Bengalen; etwa 35% der Spezies sind gleich. Von den marinen Elasmobranchien sind ungefähr 33 % Spezies und 86% Genera gleich wie man sie in den rezenten Faunen findet. Terrestrische Sänger zeigen eine Mischung von südlicher U.S.S.R. und Afrika mit einigen Teilen des Indischen Subkontinentes.

In den Pflanzen-Gruppen herrschen die Angiospermen vor. Die Untermiocän-Flora der östlichen und westlichen Gebiete ist ganz unterschiedlich. Der Palme, dieSabal Major undPinus sind aus verschiedenen Lokalitäten bekannt. Das Klima im Westen und im Süden Indiens war tropisch, im Osten dagegen war es wechselfeucht.

Das Untermiocän-Meer im Gebiet Sind, Bangladesh und Burma verschwindet vor dem Pliozän.

Abstract

The paper analytically discusses certain palaeoecological criteria in the reconstruction of Lower Miocene (Aquitanian-Burdigalian) palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent. The period is characterised by major marine transgressions and a prolific marine invertebrate and terrestrial vertebrate faunas. Faunal affinities of molluscs from western (Sind-Baluchistan) and eastern (Garo Hills) sectors are distinct and different. Molluscs of Garo Hills show affinity to Burmese species, whereas Sind-Baluchistan species shows similarity to that of the Mediterranean region. Marine molluscs resemble with the present-day taxa of the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal, where more than 35% species are common. This similarity is also evidenced by marine elasmobranchs, where approximately 33% species and 86% genera are similar to that of the Recent taxa. Terrestrial mammals show an intermingling of southern U.S.S.R. and African forms along with the presence of probably some groups belonging to the Indian subcontinent.

Angiosperms are the dominant group. The Lower Miocene floras of the eastern and the western sectors are entirely different. The palm,Sabal major andPinus are reported from various localities. The climate in the western sector and South India was tropical, whereas in the eastern sector, it was variable.

The Lower Miocene period is also marked by the contraction of Sindhu Sea, Bangla Sea and the Burmese Gulf southwards resulting in the final disappearance of the sea by the Pliocene.

Résumé

Cet article analyse certains critères paléoécologiques dans la reconstitution de la paléogéographie du Miocène inférieur (Aquitanien-Burdigalien) de l'Inde subcontinentale. La période est caractérisée par de grandes transgressions marines et par des faunes abondantes d'invertébrés marins et de vertébrés terrestres. Les affinités fauniques des mollusques sont différentes dans les secteurs occidentaux (Sind-Baluchistan) et orientaux (Garo Hills). Les mollusques des Garo Hills montrent des affinités avec les espèces de Burma, tandis que les espèces de Sind-Béloutchistan montrent des similitudes avec celles de la région méditerranéenne. Les mollusques marins ont des ressemblances avec les taxons actuels de la Mer d'Arabie et du Golfe du Bengal, où plus de 35% des espèces sont les mÊmes. Cette similarité vaut aussi pour les élasmobranches marin, dont 33% des espèces et 86% des genres ressemblent aux taxons récents. Les mammifères terrestres montrent un mélange de formes du sud de l'U.S.S.R. et de formes africaines, allant de pair avec la présence de certains groupes probables appartenant au sous-continent indien.

Les angiospermes forment le groupe dominant. Les formes du Miocène inférieur des secteurs orientaux et occidentaux sont entièrement différentes. Le palmier, le grand Sabal et le pin, sont connus dans différentes localités. Le climat dans le secteur occidental et dans l'Inde méridionale était tropical, tandis que dans le secteur oriental, il était variable.

La période du Miocène inférieur est également marquée par le rétrécissement de la Mer de Sindhu, de la Mer de Bangla et du Golfe de Burma vers le sud, avec comme résultat la disparition finale de la mer au Pliocène.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

НА ИНДИИскОМ пОлУОст РОВЕ пАлЕОгЕОгРАФИУ НИжНЕгО МИОцЕНА (Aquitanian Nurdigalian) МОжНО РЕкОНстРУИРОВ Ать пО пАлЕОБИОгЕОгР АФИЧЕскИМ ДАННыМ. В ЁтОт пЕРИОД ИМЕлОсь МНОгО МОРскИх БЕспОж ВОНОЧНых И НАжЕМНых пОжВОНОЧНы х пО кОтОРыМ ОпРЕДЕльУ т тРАНсгРЕссИИ ОкЕАН А. МьгкОтЕлыЕ жАпАДА (Sind- Beluchistan) И ВОстОкА (Garo Hills) ОтлИЧАУ тсь ДРУг От ДРУгА. пОслЕДНИЕ РОДстВЕННы тАкОВыМ Б ИРМы, жАтО ФАУНы жАпАД А тИпИЧНы Дль ФАУНы пРОВИНцИИ сРЕДИжЕМНОМОРьь. ЁтИ МОРскИЕ МьгкОтЕлыЕ Р ОДстВЕННы ФАУНЕ АРАБскОгО МОРь И БЕНгАльскОИ БУ хты: пРИМЕРНО 35% ВИДОВ О ДИНАкОВы. У МОРскИх Elasmobranchs пРИМЕРНО 33 % ВИДОВ И 86 % РОД ОВ пОДОБНы сОВРЕМЕНН ОИ ФАУНЕ. НАжЕМНыЕ МлЕкОпИтАУ ЩЕ В ВИДОВОМ ОтНОшЕНИ И пРОьВльУт сМЕсь ФАУНы УгА сссР И АФРИкИ с НЕкОтО РыМИ ЧАстьМИ ИНДИИск ОгО пОлУОстРОВА, сРЕДИ РА стЕНИИ гОспОДстВУУт АНгИОс пЕРМы. ФлОРА НИжНЕгО М ИОцЕНА ВОстОЧНых И жАпАДНых ОБлАстЕИ РЕжкО ОтлИЧ АЕтсь. пАльМы, Sabal major И хВОИ НыЕ ИжВЕстНы Иж РАжлИЧНых РЕгИОНО В. клИМАт НА жАпАДЕ, кАк И НА УгЕ ИНДИИ, Был, ВЕРОьтНО, тРОпИЧЕскИМ, А НА ВОст ОкЕ — пЕРЕМЕННО ВлАжН ыМ. МОРЕ НИжНЕгО МИОцЕНА В ОБлАстьх Sindhu, БАНглАДЕ ш И БИРМы ИсЧЕжлО ДО МИ ОцЕНА.

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Sahni, A., Mitra, H.C. Lower Miocene (Aquitanien-Burdigalian) palaeobiogeography of the Indian subcontinent. Geol Rundsch 69, 824–848 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02104649

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