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Pre-Tertiary Orogenies in the Himalaya: A review of various evidences

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Zusammenfassung

Die verschiedenen sedimentären Abfolgen des Himalaya repräsentieren tektonische Zyklen wenn man vergleicht: 1. Das Alter der Diskordanzen; 2. die prätertiäre Metamorphose; 3. die Granite; 4. die prätertiären Orogenesen. Folgende prätertiäre Orogenesen lassen sich unterscheiden: 1. Sundernagar (Präkambrium); 2. Shali (Vendien); 3. Jasim-Kurgiakh (Ordovizium); 4. Blaini-Thidsi (Jung-Paläozoikum); 5. Tal-Chikkim (Oberkreide). Neben diesen großen Orogenesen gibt es noch kleinere Ereignisse: 1. Bandel-2 (Mittleres Ripheum); 2. Tangze (Devon); 3. Infra Krol (Oberes Perm); 4. Tandi (Callovien?) und 5. Krol (Ober-Jura bis Unter-Kreide).

Da es zu diesen tektonischen Ereignissen nur wenige Deformationsstrukturen gibt, kann entweder mit überwiegend epirogenen Bewegungen und unbedeutenden orogenen Bewegungen gerechnet werden oder die alten Achsenlagen liegen parallel zu den jungen Faltenachsen des Himalaya und können nicht mehr als eigenständig erkannt werden.

Abstract

Various sedimentary sequences of the Himalaya reflecting different tectonic cycles when compared with the ages of (i) unconformity, (ii) pre-Tertiary metamorphism, (iii) granites and (iv) pre-Tertiary deformations point to following pre-Tertiary Orogenies: (i) Sundernagar (Middle Precambrian), (ii) Shali (Vendian), (iii) Jasim-Kurgiakh (Ordovician), (iv) Blaini-Thidsi (Upper Paleozoic) and (v) Tal-Chikkim (Middle-Upper Cretaceous). Besides these, minor impulses identifiable are: (i) Bandel-2 (Middle Riphean), (ii) Tangze (Devonian), (iii) Infra Krol (Upper Permian), (iv) Tandi (? Callovian) and (v) Krol (Upper Jurassic - Lower Cretaceous).

Due to paucity of deformation structures related to these earth movements, it is suggested that these were either (i) mainly epeirogenic, (ii) feebly orogenic or (iii) they produced folds which were coaxial with subsequent Himalayan folds hence indistinguishable from the latter.

Résumé

Plusieurs séries sédimentaires de l'Himalaya reflètent l'existence de cycles tectoniques. Si on se réfère à l'âge de la discordance, du métamorphisme prétertaire, des granites et des déformations prétertiaires, on peut mettre en évidence les orogenèses prétertiaires suivantes: 1) Sundernagar (Précambrien moyen); 2) Shali (Vendien); 3) Jasim-Kurgiakh (Ordovicien); 4) Blaini-Thidsi (PaléozoÏque supérieur) et 5) Tal-Chikkim (Crétacique moyen-supérieur). - En outre d'autres mouvement mineurs ont pu Être identifiés: 1) Bandel-2 (Riphéen moyen); 2) Tangze (Dévonien); 3) Infra Krol (Permien supérieur); 4) Tandi (?Callovien) et 5) Krol (Jurassique supérieur-Crétacique inférieur).

Vu la rareté des structures liées à ces mouvements, on suppose que ceux-ci étaient 1) pincipalement épirogéniques; 2) faiblement orogéniques ou 3) qu'ils sont à l'origine de plis coaxiaux de plis himalayens plus récents et donc, pour cette raison, impossibles à distinguer de ces derniers.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

РАжлИЧНыЕ ОсАДОЧНыЕ сВИты гИМАлАЕВ пРЕДс тАВльУт сОБОИ тЕктОНИЧЕскИЕ цИклы, ЕслИ сРАВНИВАт ь: 1) ВОжРАст НЕсОглАсИИ; 2) ДО-тРЕтИЧНыИ МЕтАМОР ФИжМ; 3) гРАНИты; 4) ДО-тРЕтИЧНы Е ОРОгЕНЕжы. РАжлИЧАУ т слЕДУУЩИЕ ДО-тРЕтИЧН ыЕ гОРООБРАжОВАтЕльНы Е пРОцЕссы: 1) Sundernagar- сРЕДНИИ ДОкЕМБРИИ; 2) Shali - ВЕНД; 3) Jasim-Kurgiakh - ОРДОВИк; 4) Blaini-Thidsi - В ЕРхНИИ пАлЕОжОИ И 5) Tal-Chikkim (сРЕДНИИ-ВЕРхНИИ МЕл). НАРьДУ с ЁтИМИ кРУпНыМИ гОРООБРАжОВАтЕльНы МИ ЁпОхАМИ ИМЕУтсь ЕЩ Ё И БОлЕЕ НЕжНАЧИтЕльНыЕ: 1) Bandel-2 - сРЕДНИИ РИФЕИ; 2) Tangze - ДЕВ ОН; 3) Infra Krol - ВЕРхНьь пЕРМ; 4) Tandi - Callovian? И 5) Krol - ВЕРхНьь УРА/НИж НИИ МЕл.

т. к. УстАНОВИлИ ОЧЕНь М АлО ДЕФОРМАцИОННых с тРУктУР, сВьжАННых с ЁтИМИ сОБытИьМИ, тО слЕДУЕт пРИНьть, ЧтО ИлИ пРИ Ёт Их пРОцЕссАх глАВНыМ ОБ РАжОМ ИМЕлИ МЕстО ЁпИРОгЕН НыЕ ДВИжЕНИь И ОЧЕНь НЕжНАЧИтЕльНыЕ ОРОг ЕННыЕ ДВИжЕНИь, ИлИ жЕ ДРЕВН ИЕ ОсИ РАспОлАгАУтсь пАРАллЕльНО к пОжДНЕ ИшИМ ОсьМ склАДОк гИМАлАЕ В И пОЁтОМУ Их НЕ УДАЕт сь ВыДЕлИть.

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Bhargava, O.N. Pre-Tertiary Orogenies in the Himalaya: A review of various evidences. Geol Rundsch 69, 811–823 (1980). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02104648

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