Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

X-ray emission from Be star/X-ray binaries

  • Published:
Space Science Reviews Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Observations of X-ray emission from Be star/X-ray binaries are reviewed. Some optical characteristics of these binaries are also presented. Theoretical aspects pertaining to the X-ray emissions are given.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Amnuel, P. R., Guseinov, O. H., and Rakhaminov, Sh. Yu.: 1979,Astrophys. J. Suppl. 41, 327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aoki, T.et al.: 1992.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 44, 641.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.: 1985,Astrophys. J. 292 257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.: 1991a.Astrophys. J. 375, 701.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.: 1991b.Astrophys. J. 376, 259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.: 1991c.Astron. Astrophys. 248, 139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.: 1994.Astron. Astrophys., submitted.

  • Apparao, K. M. V. and Tarafdar, S. P.: 1986a,Astron. Astrophys. 155, 423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V. and Tarafdar, S. P.: 1986b,Astron. Astrophys. 161, 271.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V. and Tarafdar, S. P.: 1988,Astrophys. J. 335, 147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V., Bisht, P., and Singh, K. P.: 1990,Astrophys. J. 371, 772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.et al.: 1978,Nature 271, 225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apparao, K. M. V.et al.: 1980,Astron. Astrophys. 89, 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avni, Y., Fabian, A. C., and Pringle, J. E.: 1976.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 175, 297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartolini, C.et al.: 1977,IAU Circ., No. 3167.

  • Belloni, T.et al.: 1993.Astron. Astrophys. 271, 487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bignami, G. F.et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 247, L85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman, J. E. and Cassinelli, J. P.: 1993,Astrophys. J. 409, 429.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi, H. and Doyle, F.: 1944,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 104, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bradt, H. V. and McClintock, J. E.: 1983,Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 21, 13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradt, H. V.et al.: 1976,Astrophys. J. 204, L67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bradt, H. V.et al.: 1977.Nature 269, 21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braes, L. L. E. and Miley, G. K.: 1972.Nature 235, 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brodskaya, E. S. and Shajn, P. F.: 1958,Izv. Krymsk. Astrophys. Obs. 20, 299.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brucato, R. J. and Kristian, J.: 1972.Astrophys. J. 173, L105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brunner, W.: 1987, Ph. D. Thesis. University of Tubingen.

  • Buscombe, W.: 1980.MK Spectral Classification. North Western University. Evanston, U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, P. M.: 1985:Astron. Astrophys. 151, L1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Charles, P. A.et al.: 1983.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 202, 657.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier, C. and Hoivaisky, S. A.: 1975,IAU Circ., No. 2278.

  • Chitnis, V. R.et al.: 1993.Astron. Astrophys. 268, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G. H. and Cominsky, L.: 1978,IAU Circ., No. 3161.

  • Clark, G. W.et al.: 1978.Astrophys. J. 221, L37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J. and Payne, B. J.: 1985.Astrophys. Space Sci. 109, 175.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J., Carpenter, G. F., Engel, A. R., and Quenby, J. J.: 1975,Nature 256, 630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J., Quenby, J. J., and Engel, A. R.: 1978.Nature 274, 343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J.et al.: 1987,Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 226, 455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J.et al.: 1988.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 232, 865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coe, M. J.et al.: 1993,Astron. Astrophys. 272, 738.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cominsky, L.et al.: 1978.Nature 273, 367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M. C. and Page, C. G.: 1987.Monthly Notices Roy Astron. Soc. 225, 381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, M. C. and Warwick, R. S.: 1987.Monthlv Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 225, 369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D.. 1984:Astron. Astrophys. 141, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D.: 1986.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 220, 1047.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D. and Mason, K. O.: 1984.Astron. Astrophys. 131, 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D. and Day, C. S. R.: 1990.Monithly Notices Rov Astron. Soc. 243, 553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D., Chatles, P. A., and Van der Klis, M.: 1986.Astron. Astrophys. 162, 117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbet, R. H. D.,et al.: 1986.Monthly Notices Rev. Astron. Soc. 221, 961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crampton, D.,et al.: 1978.Astrophys. J. 223, 179.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crampton, D., Hutchings, K. B., and Cowley, A.: 1985.Astrophys. J. 299, 839.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dal Fiume, D.et al.: 1985,IAU Circ, No. 4131.

  • D'Amico, N.et al.: 1987.Astron. Astrophys. 180, 114.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Doore, C.et al. 1982, in M Jachek and H. G. Groth (eds.)IAU Symp. 98, 347.

  • de Doore, C. et al.: 1984.Astron Astrophys. 141, 279.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Martino, D.et al.: 1985, in F. Giovanelli (ed).Multifrequency Behaviour of Galactic Accreting Systems, p. 326.

  • Densham, R. H. et al.: 1983.Monthly Notices Roy Astron. Soc. 205, 1117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detschman, W. A., Davis, R. J. and Schild, R. E.: 1976.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 30, 97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Develaar, J.et al.: 1984.Symposium ‘X-Ray Astronomy '84”, Bologna, p. 235.

  • Doazan, V.: 1982, in A. Underhill and V Doazan (eds.),B Stars With and Without Emission Lines. NASA SP-456, p. 279.

  • Doazan, V. et al.: 1987.Astron. Astrophys 182, L25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dower, R. and Kelley, R.: 1977,IAU Circ. No. 3144.

  • Dower, R. et al.: 1978.Nature 273, 364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fyles, C. J. et al.: 1975.Nature 259, 577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fabegrat, J. et al.: 1992.Astron. Astrophys. 259, 522.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finley, I. P., Belloni, T. and Cassinellim, J. P.: 1992.Astron. Astrophys. 262, L25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forman, W. et al.: 1978.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 38, 357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frontera, F., Dal Fiume, D., Morelli, E., and Spada, G.: 1985.Astrophys. J. 298, 585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frontera, F. et al.: 1987.Astrophys. J. 320, L127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacconi, R. et al.: 1972.Astrophys. J. 178, 281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giacconi, R. et al.: 1974.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 27, 37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, F. and Graziati, L. S.: 1992.Space Sci. Rev. 59, 1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giangrande, A. et al.: 1980.Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. 40, 289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giovanelli, F.et al.: 1986.New Insights in Astrophysics. ESA SP-263, p. 459.

  • Giovanelli, F.et al.: 1987a.IAU Circ., No. 4248.

  • Giovanelli, F.et al.: 1987b,IAU Circ., No. 4368.

  • Giovanelli, F.et al.: 1988.A Decade of UV Astronomy with IUE, ESA SP-281, 1. p. 141.

  • Gnedin, Yu. N. et al.: 1984.Adv Space Res. 8(2–3), 157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. C. and Taylor, A. R.: 1978.Nature 272, 704.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P. C. et al.: 1989.Astrophys. J. 339, 1054.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grindlay, J. E. et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 276, 621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grebenev, S. and Sunyaev, R. 1991.IAU Circ., No. 5294.

  • Guarineri, A.et al.: 1985, in F. Giovenelli (ed.),Multifrequency Behaviour of Galactic Accreting Sources. p. 310.

  • Haberl, F.: 1991.Astrophys. J. 376, 245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Habets, G. M. H. J.: 1985. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam.

  • Habets, G. M. H. J.: 1986.Astron. Astrophys. 165, 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habets, G. M. H. J.: 1987.Astron. Astrophys. 184, 209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanson, C. G., Skinner, G. K., Eyles, C. J., and Willmore, A. P.: 1989.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 240, 1P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayakawa, S.: 1981.Space Sci. Rev. 29, 373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henize, K. G.: 1976.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 30, 491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, S. and Kaluzienski, L.: 1978.IAU Circ., No. 3161.

  • Howarth, I. D. et al.: 1984.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 207, 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckle, H. E.et al.: 1977.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 180, 21P.

  • Hutchings, J. B., Cowley, A. P., Crampton, D., and Redman, R. O.: 1974.Astrophys. J. 191, L101.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J. B.: 1977.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 181, 619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J. B.: 1979.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 93, 486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J. B. and Crampton, D.: 1981.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 93, 486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J. B., Crampton, D., and Redman, R. O.: 1975.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 170, 313.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutchings, J. B., Bernard, J. E., Crampton, D., and Cowley, A. P.: 1978.Astrophys. J. 223, 530.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Illarinov, A. F. and Sunyaev, R. A.: 1975.Astron. Astrophys. 39, 185.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ives, J. C., Sanford, P. W., and Bell-Burnell, S. J.: 1975.Nature 254, 578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iye, M. and Kodaira, K.: 1985.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 97, 1186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janot-Pacheco, E., Ilovaisky, S. A., and Chevalier, C.: 1981.Astron. Astrophys. 99, 274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janot-Pacheco, E., Motch, C., and Mouchet, M.: 1987.Astron. Astrophys. 177, 91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janot-Pacheco, E., Motch, C., and Pakull, M. W.: 1988.Astron. Astrophys. 202, 81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan, J. G.: 1976.IAU Circ., No. 2900.

  • Johns, M.et al.: 1978.IAU Circ., No. 3171.

  • Johnston, M. D., Beadt, H. V., and Doxey, R. E.: 1979.Astrophys. J. 233, 514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. D., Griffith, R. E., and Ward, M. J.: 1980.Nature 285, 26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. D. et al.: 1979.Astrophys. J. 230, L11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, S., Manchester, R. N., Lyne, A. G., Bailes, M., Kaspi, V. M., Qiao, G., and D'Amico, N.: 1992.Astrophys. J. 387, L37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaluzienski, L. J. and Holt, S. S.: 1978.IAU Circ., No. 3259.

  • Kaluzienski, L. J., Holt, S. S., Boldt, E. A., and Serlemitsos, P.: 1975.Nature 256, 633.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaspi, V., Tavani, M., Nagase, F., Hirayama, H., Hoshino, M., Aoki, T., Kawai, N., and Arons, J.: 1994a, presented at theIAU Symposium 165 held at The Hague. The Netherlands.

  • Kaspi, V., Johnston, S., Bell, J. F., Manchester, R. N., Bailes, M., Bessell, M., Lyne, A. G., and D'Amico, N.: 1994b.Astrophys. J. 423, L43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, R., Rappaport, S., and petre, R.: 1980.Astrophys. J. 238, 699.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, R. et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 243, 251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, R., Rappaport, S., and Ayasli, S.: 1983.Astrophys. J. 274, 765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, J. C. and Barbour, M. S.: 1983.Astrophys. J. 264, 237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kendziorra, E.et al.: 1991.28th Yamada Conference on Frontiers of X-Ray Astronomy. Nagoya, Japan, p. 51.

  • King, A. R.: 1991.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 250, 3P.

  • Kholopov, N.et al.: 1981.Inf. Bull. Var. Stars. No. 2042.

  • Koeningsberger, G. et al.: 1983.Astrophys. J. 268, 782.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, K. et al.: 1989.Nature 343, 148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, K. et al.: 1989.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 41, 483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, K. et al.: 1991.Astrophys. J. 366, L19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kriss, G. A. et al.: 1983.Astrophys. J. 266, 806.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConell, D., McCulloch, P. M., Hamilton, P. A., Ables, J. G., Hall, J. P., Jacka, C. E., and Hunt, A. J.:Montly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 269, 654.

  • Lamb, D. Q. and Patterson, J.: 1983, in M. Livio and G. Shaviv (eds.),Cataclysmic Variable and Related Objects. D. Reidel Publ. Co., Dordrecht, p. 259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, R. C. et al.: 1980.Astrophys. J. 239, 651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leahy, D. et al.: 1989.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 236, 603.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine, A. M. et al.: 1984.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 54, 581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, W. et al.: 1971.Astrophys. J. 166, L69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, F., Rappaport, S., Clark, G. W., and Jernigan, G.: 1979.Astrophys. J. 228, 893.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, K. S., Helfand, D. J., and Grabelsky, D. A.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 248, 925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lundt, N., Brandt, S., and Castro-Tirado, A. J.: 1992.IAU Circ., No. 5448.

  • Makashima, K. and Mihara, T.: 1992, in Y. Tanaka and K. Koyama (eds.),Frontiers of X-ray Astronomy. Yamada Science Foundation and Universal Academy Press. Tokyo, p. 23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makashima, K. et al.: 1984.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 36, 679.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makashima, K. et al.: 1990.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 42, 285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makino, F. et al.: 1985.Space Sci. Rev. 40, 421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makino, F.et al.: 1988.IAU Circ., No. 4575.

  • Makino, F.et al.: 1990.IAU Circ., Nos. 5139, 5142, 5148.

  • Maraschi, L. and Treves, A.: 1981.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 194, 1P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L., Treves, A., and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1976.Nature 259, 292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L. et al.: 1978.Nature 272, 679.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maraschi, L., Tanzi, E. G., and Treves, A.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 248, 1010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margon, B.: 1980, in J. Ehlers, J. J. Perry, and M. Walker (eds.),Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 336, 550.

  • Margon, B. and Bradt, H. V.: 1977,IAU Circ., No. 3144.

  • Margon, B. et al.: 1977.Astrophys. J. 216, 811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Margoni, R. et al.: 1988.Astron. Astrophys. 195, 148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlborough, J. M.: 1977.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 89, 122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markert, T.et al.: 1973,IAU Circ., No. 2512.

  • Markert, T. et al.: 1979.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 39, 573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, N. and Ricketts, M. J.: 1980.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 193, 7P.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, K. O., White, N. E., and Sanford, P. W.: 1976.Nature 260, 690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, K. O.et al.: 1978.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 184, 45p.

  • Mazeh, T., Treffers, R. R., and Vogt, S. S.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 256, L73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, J. et al.: 1971.Astrophys. J. 166, L73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, J. et al.: 1977.Astrophys. J. 216, L15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McConell, D., McCulloch, P. M., Hamilton, P. A., Ables, J. G., Hall, P. J., Jacka, C. E., and Hunt, A. J.: 1991.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 269, 654.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, H. and Mazeh, T.: 1989.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 239, 733.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mereghetti, S., Bignami, G. F., and Caraveo, P. A.: 1987.Astrophys. J. 312, 755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meurs, E. J. A. et al.: 1992.Astron. Astrophys. 265, L41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitani, K. et al.: 1984.Astrophys. Space Sci. 103, 345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat, A. F. J., Haupt, W., and Schmidt-Kaler, Th.: 1973.Astron. Astrophys. 23, 433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motch, C. and Janot-Pacheco, E.: 1987.Astron. Astrophys. 182, L55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motch, C. et al.: 1988.Astron. Astrophys. 201, 63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motch, C. et al.: 1991a.Astron. Astrophys. 246, L24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motch, C. et al.: 1991b.Astrophys. J. 369, 490.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, T. et al.: 1986.Astrophys. J. 310, L31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murakami, T. et al.: 1987.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 39, 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdin, P.et al.: 1979.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 186, 43p.

  • Nagase, F.: 1989.Publ. Astron. Soc. Pacific 41, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagase, F. et al.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 263, 814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagase, F. et al.: 1984.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 36, 667.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagase, F. et al.: 1991.Astrophys. J. 375, L49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Okuda, T. and Sakashita, S.: 1977.Astrophys. Space Sci. 47, 385.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakull, M. and Parmar, A.: 1981.Astron. Astrophys. 102, L1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakull, M., Brunner, H., Pietsch, W., Staubert, A., Buermann, K., Van der Klis, M., and Bonnet-Bidaud, J. M.: 1985.Space Sci. Rev. 40, 379.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallavicini, R. et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 248, 279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paredes, J. M. and Figueras, F.: 1986.Astron. Astrophys. 154, L30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paredes, J. M. et al.: 1990.Astron. Astrophys. 232, 377.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paredes, J. M. et al.: 1991.Astron. Astrophys. 248, 124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkes, G. E., Murdin, P. G., and Mason, R. O.: 1980.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 190, 537.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, A. N. et al.: 1989.Astrophys. J. 338, 359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, A. N., White, N. E., and Stella, L.: 1989.Astrophys. J. 338, 373.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parmar, A. N., Israel, G. L., Stella, L. N., and White, N. E.: 1993.Astron. Astrophys. 275, 227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penrod, G. D. and Vogt, S. S.: 1985.Astrophys. J. 299, 653.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perotti, F. et al.: 1980.Astrophys. J. 239, L49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persi et al.: 1979.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 187, 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Piccioni, A.et al.: 1985, in F. Giovanelli (ed.),Multifrequency Behaviour of Galactic Accreting Sources, p. 332.

  • Pietsch, W. et al.: 1986.Astron. Astrophys. 163, 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poeckert, R.: 1982, in M. Jaschek and H.-G. Groth (eds.), ‘Be Stars’,IAU Symp. 98, 453.

  • Plcaro, V. F. et al.: 1990.Astron. Astrophys. 231, 354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polcaro, V. F. et al.: 1993.Astron. Astrophys. 273, L49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pols, O. R. et al.: 1991.Astron. Astrophys. 241, 419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Priedhorsky, W. C. and Terrell, J.: 1983a.Astrophys. J. 73, 709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priedhorsky, W. C. and Terrell, J.: 1983b.Nature 303, 681.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rao, A. R. et al.: 1987.Adv. Space Res. 7, 129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, S. and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1982, in M. Jaschek and H.-G. Groth (eds.), ‘Be Stars’,IAU Symp. 98, 327.

  • Rappaport, S. et al.: 1976.Astrophys. J. 208, L119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, S. et al.: 1978.Astrophys. J. 224, L1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, G. L. et al.: 1973.Astrophys. J. 184, 237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, G. R. et al.: 1976.Astrophys. J. 204, L73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ricketts, M. J., Turner, M. J. L., Page, C. G., and Pounds, K. A.: 1975.Nature 256, 631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robba, N. R. and Warwick, R. S.: 1989.Astrophys. J. 346, 469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robba, N. R., Warwick, R. S., and Murakami, T.: 1992, in Y. Tanaka and K. Koyama (eds.),Frontiers of X-ray Astronomy. Yamada Science Foundation and Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, p. 93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robin, A.et al.: 1985,IAU Circ., No. 4073.

  • Roche, P. et al.: 1993.Astron. Astrophys. 270, 122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Relloc'h, A. et al.: 1986.Astrophys. J. 310, 773.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, L. A.: 1979.Astrophys. J. 231, 919.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, F. D., Eyles, C. J., Skinner, G. K., and Willmore, A. P.: 1975.Nature 256, 628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, C., Norci, L., and Polcaro, V. F.: 1991.Astron. Astrophys. 249, L19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossiger, S.: 1979.Die Stern 2, 76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadeh, D. and Livio, M.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 258, 770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanduleak, N.: 1978.IAU Circ., No. 3170.

  • Saraswat, P. and Apparao, K. M. V.: 1992.Astrophys. J. 401, 628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schlegel, E. M. et al.: 1993.Astrophys. J. 407, 744.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. A. et al.: 1972.Astrophys. J. 173, L51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schwartz, D. A. et al.: 1980.Astron. J. 85, 549.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seward, F. D.et al.: 1976.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 175, 39P.

  • Seward, F. D., Charles, P. A., and Smale, A. P.: 1986.Astrophys. J. 305, 814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sims, M. R. and Fraser, G. W.: 1979.IAU Circ., No. 3339.

  • Skinner, G. K. et al.: 1980.Astrophys. J. 240, 619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skinner, G. K. et al.: 1982.Nature 297, 568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slettebak, A.: 1979.Space Sci. Rev. 23, 541.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Slettebak, A.: 1985.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 59, 769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smale, A. P. et al.: 1984.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 210, 855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, J. E. et al.: 1984.Astrophys. J. 280, 688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stella, L., et al.: 1985.Astrophys. J. 288, L45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stella, L., White, N. E., and Rosner, R.: 1986.Astrophys. J. 308, 669.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, I. R.: 1988.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 232, 199.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stier, M. and Liller, W.: 1976.Astrophys. J. 206, 257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Struve, O.: 1931.Astrophys. J. 73, 94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sun, X.-J.: 1992, in Y. Tanaka and K. Koyama (eds.),Frontiers of X-ray Astronomy. Yamada Science Foundation and Universal Academy Press, Tokyo, p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunyaev, R.et al.: 1991,IAU Circ., No. 5437.

  • Swannenburg, B. N. et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 243, L69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taam, R. E., Fryxell, B. A., and Brown, D. A.: 1988.Astrophys. J. 331, L117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tamura, K. et al.: 1992.Astrophys. J. 389, 676.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tananbaum, H.: 1975.Physics and Astrophysics of Neutron Stars and Black Holes. International School E. Vermi, Varenna.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanaka, Y.et al.: 1983.IAU Circ., No. 3891.

  • Taylor, A. R. and Gregory, P. C.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 255, 210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. R. and Gregory, P. C.: 1984.Astrophys. J. 283, 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrell, J. and Priedhorsky, W. C.: 1984.Astrophys. J. 285, L15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Isunenn, H. and Kitamoto, S.: 1988.Astrophys. J. 334, L21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuohy, I. R.et al. 1988.University of Tokyo Symposium on ‘The Physics of Neutron Stars and Black Holey’, MIT-CSR-HEA-88-05.

  • Turner, M. J. L., et al.: 1989.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 41, 345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ubertini, P., et al.: 1982.Astron. Astrophys. 106, 174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulmer, M. P. et al.: 1973.Astrophys. J. 184, L117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, S. J. et al.: 1992.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 256, 725.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van den Bergh, S.: 1972.Nature 235, 273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van den Heuvel, E. P. J. and Rappaport, S.: 1987, in A. Slettebak and T. D. Snow (eds.).IAU Colloq. 92, 000.

  • Van Kerkwijk, M. H., Van Oijen, J. G. J., and Van den Heuvel, E. P. J.: 1989.Astron. Astrophys. 209, 173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villa, G. et al.: 1976.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 176, 609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Violes, E. et al.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 263, 320.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wackerling, L. R.: 1970.Mem. Roy. Astron. Soc. 73, 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, R. S. et al.: 1981.IAU Circ. 197, 865.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warwick, R. S., Watson, M. G., and Willingak, R.: 1985.Space Sci. Rev. 40, 429.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, L. B.-F. M. and Van Kerkwijk, M. H.: 1989.Astron. Astrophys. 223, 196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, L. B.-F. M. et al.: 1989a.Astron. Astrophys. 220, L1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waters, L. B.-F. M. et al.: 1989b.Astron. Astrophys. 223, 207.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M. G., Warwick, R. S., and Ricketts, R. J.: 1981.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 195, 197.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson, M. G., Warwick, R. S., and Corbet, R. H. D.: 1982.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 199, 915.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisskopt, M. C. et al.: 1984.Astrophys. J. 278, 711.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheaton, W. A. et al.: 1979.Nature 282, 240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. and Carpenter, G. G.: 1978.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 183, 11P.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. and Swank, J. H.: 1984.Astrophys. J. 287, 856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., Mason, K. O., Sanford, P. W., and Murdin, P.: 1976a.Monthly Notices Roy. Astron. Soc. 176, 201.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. et al.: 1976b.Astrophys. J. 209, L119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. et al.: 1979.Nature 282, 240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., Mason, K. O., and Sanford, P. W.: 1977.Nature 267, 229.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., Mason, K. O., and Sanford, P. W.: 1978a.IAU Circ. 184, 67P.

  • White, N. E. et al.: 1978b.Nature 274, 664.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. et al.: 1980.Astrophys. J. 239, 655.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E. et al.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 263, 277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., Swank, J. H., Holt, S. S., and Parmar, A. N.: 1982.Astrophys. J. 263, 277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, N. E., Swank, J. H., and Holt, S. S.: 1983.Astrophys. J. 270, 771.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitlock, L., Roussel-Dupree, D., and Priedhorsky, W.: 1989.Astrophys. J. 338, 381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. M.et al.: 1983.IAU Circ., No. 3904.

  • Wood, K. S. et al.: 1984.Astrophys. J. Suppl. 56, 507.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worrall, D. M. et al.: 1981.Astrophys. J. 247, L31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamuchi, S., Asaoka, I., Kawada, M., Koyama, K., and Tawara, Y.: 1990.Publ. Astron. Soc. Japan 42, L53.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Homi Bhabha Road, 400 005, Colaba, Bombay, India

    Krishna M. V. Apparao

Authors
  1. Krishna M. V. Apparao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Apparao, K.M.V. X-ray emission from Be star/X-ray binaries. Space Sci Rev 69, 255–329 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101698

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02101698

Keywords

Search

Navigation