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Elective lymph node dissection for melanoma: Two perspectives

  • World Progress In Surgery
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Abstract

Node dissection for melanoma remains the most important therapeutic decision for the optimal management of the patient with melanoma. In Australia and in some parts of the United States, the majority of patients with intermediate thickness melanoma (1.6–4.00 mm) will undergo elective lymph node dissection. In Europe, the majority of patients with similar lesions are treated with wide local excision only. The development of an agreed policy for node dissection for melanoma awaits the results of 2 current, prospective randomized trials confirming or disproving the efficacy of elective lymph node dissection. Non-randomized studies showing a benefit or not showing a benefit are readily available but the only 2 prospective randomized studies published to date showing a benefit, have been criticized on methodologic grounds. This paper summarizes the evidence and opinions on both sides of this debate. The clinician charged with responsibility for this important decision must, as yet, make the decision to dissect lymph nodes on the basis of a perspective derived from the best available evidence.

Résumé

La lymphadénectomie reste la décision thérapeutique la plus importante dans le traitement optimal d'un patient avec mélanome. En Australie et dans certaines régions des Etats Unis la majorité des patients ayant un mélanome d'épaisseur moyenne (1.6 à 4.0 mm) auront une lymphadénectomie élective. En Europe, la majorité des patients avec le même type de lésions aura seulement une excision locale élargie. L'attitude thérapeutique à adopter dépendra certainement des résultats de deux essais thérapeutiques randomisés et prospectifs pour confirmer ou infirmer la valeur de la lymphadénectomie élective. Il existe à l'heure actuelle beaucoup d'études non randomisées qui ne permettent pas de trancher, et seulement deux études randomisées en faveur de la lymphadénectomie mais qui restent criticables du point de vue méthodologique. Cet article résume les preuves et les opinions qui sont à la base de ce débat. Le clinicien qui a la responsabilité de cette décision thérapeutique importante se doit de la pendre en connaissance des résultats les plus scientifiquement étayés.

Resumen

El papel de la disección ganglionar electiva (DGE) en el manejo del melanoma sigue siendo motivo de controversia; a pesar de múltiples trabajos relacionados con este tópico no se ha logrado un consenso a nivel mundial. Sin embaro, la decisión sobre remoción de los ganglios de drenaje linfático en un paciente con melanoma primario puede significar la vida o la muerte del paciente. En Australia y en algunas partes de los Estados Unidos la mayoría de los pacientes con melanomas de espesor intermedio (1.6–4.0 mm) es sometida a DGE; en Europa la mayoría de los pacientes con lesiones similares es tratada con resección local solamente. El desarrollo de una política unificada sobre disección ganglionar está a la espera de los resultados de dos estudios prospectivos y randomizados que corren en la actualidad para confirmar o negar la eficacia de la DGE. Estudios no randomizados que muestran un beneficio o que niegan tal beneficio están disponibles, pero los dos únicos estudios prospectivos y randomizados publicados hasta la fecha han sido motivo de crítica sobre bases metodológicas. El presente artículo resume la evidencia y las opiniones correspondientes a los dos aspectos del debate.

El médíco responsable de tan importante decisión está sometido, todavía, a emprender o no la DGE con base en una perspectiva que se deriva de la mejor evidencia disponible y teniendo en cuenta las siguientes conclusiones: la DGE no logra mejores resultados que una disección ganglionar pospuesta hasta la aparición de metástasis ganglionares, especialmente en el caso de melanomas de la extremidades; existe correlación evidente entre la incidencia de metástasis ganglionares y el espesor del melanoma, y pacientes con melanomas >2.0 mm de espesor deben ser sometido a vigilancia especial por su alta propensión a las metástasis ganglionares; en los melanomas del tronco persiste la controversia sobre si la disección ganglionar debe hacer parte del tratamiento primario en lo relativo a pacientes masculinos, en quienes se recomienda que aquellos con estado I y melanomas >1.5 mm sean ingresados a estudios randomizados, por cuanto parece existir una pequeña ventaja con la DGE. En resumen, el manejo óptimo de los pacientes con melanoma en estado I debe ser la resección del tumor primario, controles clínicos cada 3 meses por 5 años con especial atención a los ganglios regionales y disección ganglionar en el momento de aparición de ganglios clínicamente afectados; las dos excepciones son los hombres con melanomas de espesor >1.5 mm, que deben ser ingresados a estudios randomizados, y los pacientes con melanomas de espesor >2.0 mm que no puedan ser sometidos a cuidadoso seguimiento, por su alto riesgo de desarrollar metástasis ganglionares inoperables.

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McCarthy, W.H., Shaw, H.M., Cascinelli, N. et al. Elective lymph node dissection for melanoma: Two perspectives. World J. Surg. 16, 203–213 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02071522

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