Skip to main content
Log in

Results of radical surgery for rectal cancer

  • World Progress In Surgery
  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper examines the hypothesis that a reduction in the distal mural margin during anterior resection for sphincter conservation in rectal cancer excision is safe, provided total mesorectal excision is undertaken with wash-out of the clamped rectum. One hundred ninety-two patients underwent anterior resection and 21 (<10%) patients underwent abdomino-perineal excision (APE) by one surgeon (RJH). Anterior resections were classified as “curative” (79%) and “non-curative” (21%); in the “curative” sub-group <4% of patients developed local recurrence. The series was retrospectively analyzed for the effect of mural margins on local recurrence with 152 patients undergoing “curative” anterior resections and 40 patients undergoing “non-curative” resections. In the 152 specimens from curative resections, 110 had a resection margin >1 cm and 42 had a resection margin <1 cm. Four patients developed local recurrence in the >1 cm margin group (95% confidence interval: 0.8%–7.8%) and no patients developed local recurrence in the ≤1 cm margin group (95% confidence interval: 0%–5.9%). In each patient with local recurrence a cause for failure was apparent. There was no statistically significant difference in local recurrence rate between the ≤1 cm margin group and the >1 cm margin group. A reduction in resection margin therefore did not compromise survival after anterior resection.

The significance of lateral resection margins is discussed. The role of deep radiotherapy and cytotoxics are considered. However, in view of the low local recurrence rate that can be achieved by adequate surgery, it is the opinion of the author that radiotherapy and cytotoxics have little extra to offer in the management of cancer of the rectum treated by total mesorectal excision. Finally, the functional results following anterior resection and total mesorectal excision are analyzed and the refractory problem of anastomotic leakage is discussed.

Résumé

Cet article examine l'hypothèse de l'un des auteurs (RJH) selon laquelle la réduction de la marge de sécurité distale dans la résection antérieure du rectum avec conservation sphinctérienne pour cancer serait sans conséquence fâcheuse au plan cancinologique, à condition que l'excision du mésorectum soit complète et que le rectum soit clampé et irrigué en peropératoire. Cent quatre-vingt douze patients ayant eu une résection antérieure ont été comparés à 21 patients (soit 10% des cancers du rectum) ayant eu une amputation abdomino-périnéale, tous opérés par le même chirurgien (RJH). Les résections antérieures ont été classées en “curatives” (79%) et “non-curatives” (21%). Dans le groupe “curatives”, moins de 4% des patients ont vu se déveloper une récidive. Cette série a ensuite été analysée en détails en 1989 pour étudier le rapport entre la largeur des marges et le taux de récidive parmi 152 résections “curatives” et 40 résections “non-curatives”. Parmi les résections à visée curative, 110 avaient une marge de résection >1 cm et 42, une marge <1 cm. Il y avait quatre récidives locales dans le premier groupe (intervalle de confiance à 95%: 0.8%–7.8%) et aucune récidive dans le groupe avec une marge <1 cm (intervalle de confiance à 95%: 0%–5.9%). Dans chaque cas de récidive locale, la cause en était évidente. Il n'y avait pas de différence statistiquement significative entre le taux de récidive des patients ayant une marge <ou=1 cm comparé à ceux ayant une marge >1 cm. La réduction de la marge de sécurité n'a pas influencé de façon pejorative les résultats au plan carcinologique. L'étendue de la résection latérale reste un sujet de débat. Le rôle de la radiothérapie profonde et de la chimiothérapie sont discutés. Au vu des bons résultats obtenus par cette chirurgie, les auteurs pensent que ces traitements complémentaires offrent peu par rapport à une chirurgie radicale. Les résultats fonctionels dans ces deux types de chirurgie sont discutés, ainsi que le problème de fistule anastomotique.

Resumen

Este artículo analiza la hipótesis de uno de los autores (RJH) que plantea que una reducción en el margen mural distal en el curso de una resección anterior con conservación del esfínter por cáncer rectal es un procedimiento seguro, siempre y cuando se haga la resección total del mesorecto (RTM) con lavado del segmento distal. Ciento noventa y dos pacientes fueron sometidos a resección anterior y 21 a resección abdomino-perineal (RAP) por un mismo cirujano (RJH). La tasa de RAP fue menor de 10%. La resección anterior fue clasificada como “curativa” (79%) y “no curativa” (21%); en el subgrupo de la resección “curativa” menos de 4% de los pacientes desarrollaron recurrencia local. La serie fue posteriormente estudiada en detalle en 1989 con el objeto de determinar el efecto de los márgenes murales sobre la recurrencia local en 152 resecciones anteriores “curativas” y 40 “no curativas”. De los 152 especímenes curativos, 110 exhibieron un margen de >1 cm y 42 de <1 cm. Se presentaron 4 recurrencias locales en el grupo con margen >1 cm (95% CI: 0.8%–7.8%) y ninguna en el grupo ≤1 cm (95% CI: 0%–5.9%). En cada caso de recurrencia local hubo una causa aparente de la falla. No se encontró diferencia significativa en cuanto a las tasas de recurrencia local entre el grupo ≤1 cm y el grupo >1 cm. La reducción en el margen de resección, por consiguiente, no pareció comprometer la sobrevida después de una resección anterior. Se discute el significado de los márgenes laterales de resección, así como el papel de la radioterapia profunda y de los agentes citotóxicos. Ante las bajas tasas de recurrencia local que se logran con cirugía adecuada, es la opinión de los autores que tales modalidades tienen poco que ofrecer en el manejo del cáncer del recto tratado con tal tipo de cirugía radical (RTM). Finalmente, se analizan los resultados funcionales observados luego de una resección anterior y RTM y se discute el problema del escape anastomótico.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Walker, A.R.P., Burkitt, D.P.: Colon cancer: Epidemiology. Semin. Oncol.3:341, 1976

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys: Mortality statistics, Cause, England and Wales. Series DH2. 12:8, 1985

  3. Bradpiece, H.A., Benjamin, I.S., Halevy, A.: Major hepatic resection for colorectal liver disease. Br. J. Surg.74:324, 1987

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Silverberg, E.: Cancer Statistics. New York, American Society, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  5. Heald, R.J.: Multiple primary cancers of the bowel. In Risk Factors and Multiple Cancer, B.A. Stoll, editor, Chichester, John Wiley and Sons, 1984, pp. 367–377

    Google Scholar 

  6. Handley, W.S.: The surgery of the lymphatic system. Br. Med. J.1:922, 1910

    Google Scholar 

  7. Cole, P.P.: The intramural spread of rectal carcinoma. Br. Med. J.1:431, 1913

    Google Scholar 

  8. Grinnell, R.S.: Distal intramural spread of carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.99:421, 1954

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Quer, E.A., Dahlin, D.C., Mayo, C.W.: Retrograde intramural spread of carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.96:24, 1953

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Williams, N.S., Dixon, M.F., Johnston, D.: Reappraisal of the5 centimetre rule of distal excision for carcinoma of the rectum: A study of distal intramural spread and of patients survival. Br. J. Surg.70:150, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Miles, W.E.: The radical abdomino-perineal operation for cancer of the rectum and of the pelvic colon. Br. Med. J.2:941, 1910

    Google Scholar 

  12. Miles, W.E.: Cancer of the rectum. London, Harrison, 1926

    Google Scholar 

  13. Dukes, C.E.: The spread of cancer of the rectum. Br. J. Surg.17:643, 1930

    Google Scholar 

  14. Wood, W.Q., Wilkie, D.P.D.: Carcinoma of the rectum: An anatomico-pathological study. Edinb. Med. J.40:321, 1933

    Google Scholar 

  15. Dukes, C.E.: Cancer of the rectum: An analysis of 1000 cases. J. Pathol. Bacteriol.50:527, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  16. Goligher, J.C., Duthie, H., Nixon, H.: Surgery of the anus, rectum and colon. London, Bailliere Tindall, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  17. Hojo, K., Koyama, Y., Moriya, Y.: Lymphatic spread and its prognostic value in patients with rectal cancer. Am. J. Surg.144:350, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Hojo, K., Koyama, Y.: The effectiveness of wide anatomical resection and radical lymphadenectomy for patients with rectal cancer. Jpn. J. Surg.12:111, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Hojo, K.: Postoperative follow up studies on cancer of the colon and rectum. Am. J. Surg.143:293, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Heald, R.J., Ryall, R.D.H., Husband, E.: The mesorectum in rectal cancer surgery: Clue to pelvic recurrence. Br. J. Surg.69:613, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Goligher, J.C., Dukes, C.E., Bussey, H.J.R.: Local recurrences after sphincter saving excisions for carcinoma of the rectum and rectosigmoid. Br. J. Surg.39:199, 1951

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Finlay, I.G., McArdle, C.S.: Occult hepatic metastases in colorectal carcinoma. Br. J. Surg.73:732, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ridge, J.A., Daley, M.: Treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases. Surg. Gynecol. Obstet.161:597, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Welch, J.P., Donaldson, G.A.: The clinical correlation of an autopsy study of recurrent colorectal cancer. Ann. Surg.189:496, 1979

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Killingback, M., Wilson, E., Hughes, E.S.R.: Anal metastases from carcinoma of the rectum and colon. Aust. N. Z. J. Surg.34:178, 1965

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Lockhart-Mummery, J.P.: Resection of the rectum for cancer. Cancer 102:, 1920

  27. Kraske, P.: Zur Exstirpation hochsitzender Mastdarmkrebse. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Chir.14:464, 1885

    Google Scholar 

  28. Miles, W.E.: A method of performing abdomino-perineal excision for carcinoma of the rectum and of the terminal part of the pelvic colon. Lancet175:1812, 1908

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hartmann, H.: Nouveau procede d'ablation des cancers de la partie terminale du colon pelvien. Congr. Franc. Chir.30:411, 1921

    Google Scholar 

  30. Dixon, C.F.: Anterior resection for malignant lesions of the upper part of the rectum and lower part of the sigmoid. Ann. Surg.128:425, 1948

    Google Scholar 

  31. Goligher, J.C.: The use of stapling devices for the construction of low rectal anastomoses. Ann. Chir. Gynaecol.69:125, 1980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Leading Article: Colorectal surgery: The Cinderella specialty. Br. Med. J.283:169, 1981

    Google Scholar 

  33. Lockhart-Mummery, H.E., Heald, R.J., Hutchings, R.T.: A colour atlas of anterior resection of the rectum. London, Wolfe Medical Publications, 1983, 64 pp

    Google Scholar 

  34. Karanjia, N.D., Schache, D.J., North, W.R.S., Heald, R.J.: The close shave in anterior resection. Br. J. Surg.77:510, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Quirke, P., Durdey, P., Dixon, M.F., Williams, N.S.: Local recurrence of rectal carcinoma due to inadequate surgical excision. Lancet2:996, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Cawthorn, S.J., Parums, D.V., Gibbs, N.M., A'Hern, R.P., Cafferey, S.M., Broughton, C.I.M., Marks, C.G.: Extent of mesorectal spread and involvement of lateral resection margin as prognostic factors after surgery for rectal cancer. Lancet335:1055, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Editorial: Breaching the mesorectum. Lancet335:1067, 1990

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Corder, A.P., Karanjia, N.D., Williams, J.D., Heald, R.J.: Colonic vascular ligation in low anterior resection of the rectum for carcinoma. Br. J. Surg.77:1422, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  39. Heald, R.J., Ryall, R.D.H.: Recurrence and survival after total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer. Lancet2:1479, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  40. Dixon, A.R., Maxwell, W.A., Thornton-Holmes, J.: Carcinoma of the rectum: A 10 year experience. Br. J. Surg.78:308, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Galloway, D.J., Cohen, A.M., Shank, B., Friedman, M.A.: Adjuvant multimodality treatment of rectal cancer. Br. J. Surg.76:440, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Gerard, A., Buyse, M., Nordlinger, B.: Preoperative radiotherapy as adjuvant treatment of rectal cancer: Final results of the European Organisation for Research on Treatment of Cancer (EORTC). Ann. Surg.208:606, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Pahlmann, L., Glimelius, B., Graffman, S.: Pre- versus postoperative radiotherapy in rectal carcinoma: An interim report from a randomised multicentre trial. Br. J. Surg.72:961, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Fisher, B., Wolmark, N., Rockette, H.E.: Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy or radiation therapy for rectal: results from NSABP Protocol R01. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.80:21, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Krook, J.E., Moertel, C.G., Gunderson, L.L., Wieand, H.S., Collins, R.T., Beart, R.W., Kubista, T.P., Poon, M.A., Meyers, W.C., Mailliard, J.A., Twito, D.I., Morton, R.F., Veeder, M.H., Witzig, T.E., Cha, S., Vidyarthi, S.C.: Effective surgical adjuvant therapy for high risk rectal cancer. New Engl. J. Med.324:709, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. McDonald, P.J., Heald, R.J.: A survey of post-operative function after rectal anastomosis with circular stapling devices. Br. J. Surg.70:727, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Goligher, J.C., Graham, N.G., DeDombal, F.T.: Anastomotic dehiscence after anterior resection of the rectum and sigmoid. Br. J. Surg.57:109, 1970

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Fielding, L.P., Stewart-Brown, S., Blesovsky, L., Kearney, G.: Anastomotic integrity after operations for large bowel cancer: A multicentre study. Br. Med. J.I:411, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  49. Tagart, R.E.B.: Restorative rectal resection: An audit of 220 cases. Br. J. Surg.73:70, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Shorthouse, A.J., Bartram, C.I., Eyers, A.A., Thompson, J.P.S.: The water soluble contrast enema after rectal anastomosis. Br. J. Surg.69:714, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Schrock, T.R., Deveney, C.W., Dunphy, J.E.: Factors contributing to leakage of colonic anastomoses. Ann. Surg.177:523, 1973

    Google Scholar 

  52. McGinn, F.P., Gartell, P.C., Clifford, P.C., Brunton, F.J.: Staples or sutures for low colorectal anastomoses: A prospective randomised trial. Br. J. Surg.72:603, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Everett, W.G., Friend, P.J. Forty, J.: Comparison of stapling and hand suture for left sided large bowel anastomosis. Br. J. Surg.73:345, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Beart, R.W., Kelly, K.A.: Randomised prospective evaluation of the EEA stapler for colorectal anastomosis. Am. J. Surg.141:143, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Irvin, T.T., Goligher, J.C.: Aetiology of disruption of intestinal anastomoses. Br. J. Surg.60:461, 1973

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Fazio, V.W.: Sump suction and irrigation of the presacral space. Dis. Colon Rectum21:401, 1978

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Karanjia, N.D., Corder, A.P., Holdsworth, P., Heald, R.J.: Risk of peritonitis and fatal septicaemia and the need to defunction the low anastomosis. Br. J. Surg.78:196, 1991

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Heald, R.J., Karanjia, N.D. Results of radical surgery for rectal cancer. World J. Surg. 16, 848–857 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066981

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066981

Keywords

Navigation