Skip to main content
Log in

Autonomic influences on colorectal motility and pelvic surgery

  • World Progress In Surgery
  • Published:
World Journal of Surgery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The nervous control of the motility of the human distal bowel was investigated by two physiological studies of electrical stimulation of sacral parasympathetic outflow in patients with high spinal injuries and in patients with intractable constipation following pelvic surgery. Identical and reproducible motility responses of the left colon, rectum, and anal sphincters were obtained by sequential electrical stimulation of anterior sacral roots S2, S3, and S4 in patients with spinal injury. S2 stimulation provoked isolated low-pressure colorectal contractions. S3 stimulation initiated frequency-dependent high-pressure colorectal motor activity which appeared peristaltic and was enhanced with repetitive stimuli. S4 stimulation increased colonic and rectal tone. Quantitative responses were maximal at the splenic flexure and rectum. Pelvic floor activity was stimulated in increasing magnitude from S2 to S4. These results of distal bowel motility were achieved by an implanted Brindley stimulator. A newer generation of externally active stimulators are envisaged for the control of lower bowel in fecal incontinence.

Women with intractable constipation following hysterectomy had significantly increased rectal volume and compliance together with deficits of rectal sensory function. Following stimulation with Prostigmin (neostigmin) a colorectal motility gradient was paradoxically reversed in the patients following hysterectomy, thus constituting a functional obstruction. Denervation supersensitivity was demonstrable in 2 patients tested with carbachol provocation. These findings suggest dysfunction in the autonomic innervation of the hindgut in some patients following hysterectomy.

Résumé

Le contôle nerveux de la motricité de l'intestin terminal a été évalué par deux études physiologiques comprenant une stimulation électrique du nerf parasympathique sacré, d'une part chez le patient ayant une lésion rachidienne haute et d'autre part, chez le patient ayant une constipation rebelle au traitement après chirurgie pelvienne. Par stimulation électrique séquentielle des racines sacrées antérieurs S2, S3 et S4 chez le patient ayant une lésion rachidienne, les réponses obtenues pour le côlon gauche, le rectum, et le sphincter anal étaient identiques et reproducibles. La stimulation S2 provoquait des contractions colorectales de basse pression, isolées. La stimulation S3 provoquait une activité motrice colorectale de haute pression en rapport avec la fréquence de la stimulation. Cette activité apparaissait liée au péristaltisme et elle augmentait lors des stimulations répétées. La stimulation S4 haussait le tonus rectal et colique. Le réponse quantitatives étaient maximales au niveau de l'angle gauche et du rectum. L'activité du plancher pelvien était stimulée de façon croissante de S2 à S4. Ces résultats ont été obtenus en utilisant un stimulateur implantable du type Brindley. La nouvelle génération de stimulateurs, actifs par voie externe, sera appelée à contrôler la continence aux selles du rectum. Chez la femme ayant eu une hystérectomie suivie de constipation rebelle au traitement, le volume et la compliance du rectum sont augmentés, alors que la fonction sensitive du rectum s'avère défectueuse. Après stimulation par la prostigmine (neostigmine, USP), le gradient colorectal est inversé de façon paradoxale chez les femmes hystérectomisées, créant ainsi une obstruction fonctionnelle. L'hypersensibilité de dénnervation a été mise en évidence chez les patientes ayant eu le test de provocation au carachol. Ces données suggèrent une anomalie de fonctionnement du système autonome de l'intestin distal chez certaines patientes hystérectomisées.

Resumen

El control nervioso de la motilidad del tracto intestinal distal fue investigado en dos estudios fisiológicos sobre el estímulo eléctrico de los nervios parasimpáticos sacros en 5 hombres con lesiones altas de la medula espinal y en 14 mujeres con estreñimiento intratable resultante de cirugía pélvica. Se demostraron idénticas respuestas de la motilidad del colon izquierdo, del recto y de los esfínteres anales mediante la estimulación eléctrica secuencial de las raíces sacras anteriores S2, S3 y S4 en los pacientes con lesión de la medula espinal. La estimulación de S2 indujo contracciones colorectales de baja presión. La estimulación de S3 dió origen a una actividad motora de alta presión dependiente de la frecuencia, con apariencia peristáltica, la cual apareció incrementada con estímulos repetidos. La estimulación de S4 resultó en aumento del tono colónico y rectal. Las respuestas cuantitativas aparecieron máximas a nivel del ángulo esplénico y del recto. La actividad del piso pélvico apareció estimulada, con magnitud creciente, entre S2 y S4. Tales resultados sobre la motilidad del tracto intestinal distal fueron logrados por medio de la implantación del denominado estimulador de Brindley. Se presagia una nueva generación de estimuladores de acción externa para el control de la incontinencia fecal.

Las mujeres con estreñimiento intratable consecuente a histerectomía exhibieron significativo aumento de los volumenes y de la compliancia rectales, junto con déficits de la función sensorial rectal. La estimulación con prostigmina (neostigmina, USP) revirtió, paradójicamente, un gradiente de motilidad colorrectal en las pacientes histerectomizadas, lo equivale a una obstrucción funcional. Supersensibilidad de denervación fue demonstrada en dos pacientes estudiadas por medio de la provocación con carbacol. Estos hallazgos sugieren disfunción en la inervación autonómica del intestino distal en algunas pacientes sometidos a histerectomía.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Brindley, G.S., Polkey, C.E., Rushton, D.N.: Sacral anterior root stimulators for bladder control in paraplegia. Paraplegia20:365, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Cardozo, L., Krishnan, K.R., Polkey, C.E., Rushton, D.N., Brindley, G.S.: Urodynamic observations on patients with sacral anterior root stimulators. Paraplegia22:201, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Brindley, G.S.: An implant to empty the bladder or close the urethra. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry40:358, 1977

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Smith, A.N., Varma, J.S.: The latency of the pudendo-anal reflex in man. J. Physiol.360:49P, 1984

  5. Varma, J.S., Smith, A.N., McInnes, A.: Electrophysiological observations on the human pudendo-anal reflex. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry49:1411, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Vereecken, R.L., De Meirsman, J., Puers, B., Van Mulders, J.: Electrophysiological exploration of the sacral conus. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry227:135, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  7. Varma, J.S., Smith, A.N.: Anorectal profilometry with the microtransducer. Br. J. Surg.71:867, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Varma, J.S., Smith, A.N.: Reproducibility of the proctometrogram. Gut27:288, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Connell, A.M.: The motility of the pelvic colon. Part I: Motility in normals and in patients with asymptomatic duodenal ulcer. Gut2:175, 1961

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Rudolf, C.R.: Eight letters of Joseph (Lord) Lister to William Sharpey. Br. J. Surg.20:145, 1932

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bayliss, W.M., Starling, E.H.: The movements and innervation of the large intestine. J. Physiol. (Lond.)26:107, 1900

    Google Scholar 

  12. Elliott, T.R., Barclay-Smith, E.: Antiperistalsis and other activities of the colon. J. Physiol. (Lond.)31:272, 1904

    Google Scholar 

  13. Garry, R.C.: Responses to stimulation of caudal end of large bowel in cat. J. Physiol. (Lond.)78:208, 1933

    Google Scholar 

  14. Scott, W.E., Cantrell, J.R.: Colonmetrographic studies of the effects of section of the parasympathetic nerves of the colon. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital85:310, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  15. Meshkinpour, H., Harmon, D., Thompson, R., Yu, J.: Effects of thoracic spinal cord transection on the colonic motor activity in rats. Paraplegia23:272, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. White, J.C., Verlot, M.G., Ehrentheil, O.: Neurogenic disturbances of the colon and their investigation by the colonmetrogram. Ann. Surg.112:1042, 1940

    Google Scholar 

  17. Connell, A.M., Frankel, H., Guttmann, L.: The motility of the pelvic colon following complete lesions of the spinal cord. Paraplegia1:98, 1963

    Google Scholar 

  18. Weber, J., Denis, P., Mihout, B., Muller, J.M., Blanquart, F., Galmiche, J.P., Simon, P., Pasquis, P.: Effect of brain-stem lesion on colonic and anorectal motility. Dig. Dis. Sci.30:419, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Meshkinpour, H., Nowroozi, F., Glick, M.E.: Colonic compliance in patients with spinal cord injury. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil.64:111, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Glick, M.E., Meshkinpour, H., Haldeman, S., Hoehler, F., Downey, N., Bradley, W.E.: Colonic dysfunction in patients with thoracic spinal cord injury. Gastroenterology86:287, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Menardo, G., Fazio, A., Marangi, A., Genta, V., Marenco, G., Corazziari, E.: Large bowel transit in patients with paraplegia. Gut25:A1314, 1984

  22. Haldeman, S., Glick, M., Bhatia, N.N., Bradley, W.E., Johnson, B.R.N.: Colonometry, cystometry and evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis. Arch. Neurol.39:698, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Denny-Brown, D., Robertson, E.G.: An investigation of the nervous control of defaecation. Brain58:256, 1935

    Google Scholar 

  24. Roman, C., Gonella, J.: Extrinsic control of digestive tract motility. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, L.R. Johnson, editor, New York, Raven Press, 1981, pp. 289–333

    Google Scholar 

  25. Delbro, D., Fasth, S., Fandriks, L., Hedlund, H.: On the transmission of colonic motility induced by pelvic nerve stimulation. Gut25:A1314, 1984

  26. Devroede, G., Lamarche, J.: Functional importance of extrinsic parasympathetic innervation of the distal colon and rectum in man. Gastroenterology86:287, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Schuster, M.M., Hendrix, T.R., Mendeloff, A.I.: The internal anal sphincter response: Manometric studies on its normal physiology, neural pathways and alteration in bowel disorders. J. Clin. Invest.42:196, 1963

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Sherrington, C.S.: Notes on the arrangement of some motor fibres in the lumbosacral plexus. J. Physiol. (Lond.)13:672, 1892

    Google Scholar 

  29. Snooks, S.J., Henry, M.M., Swash, M.: Anorectal incontinence and rectal prolapse: Differential assessment of the innervation to puborectalis and external anal sphincter muscles. Gut26:470, 1985

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Percy, J.P., Swash, M., Neill, M.E., Parks, A.G.: Electrophysiological study of motor nerve supply of pelvic floor. Lancet1:16, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Parks, A.G., Porter, N.H., Melzak, J.: Experimental studies of the reflex mechanism controlling the muscles of the pelvic floor. Dis. Colon Rectum5:407, 1962

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Ala, J., Mendeloff, A.I., Hendrix, T.R., Schuster, M.M.: Studies of faecal incontinence by combined manometric-electromyographic techniques. Gastroenterology48:863, 1965

    Google Scholar 

  33. Melzak, J., Porter, N.H.: Studies of the reflex activity of the external sphincter ani in spinal man. Paraplegia1:277, 1964

    Google Scholar 

  34. Frenckner, B.: Function of the anal sphincters in spinal man. Gut16:638, 1975

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. MacDonagh, R.P., Sun, W.M., Smallwood, R., Forster, D., Read, N.W.: Control of defecation in patients with spinal injuries by stimulation of sacral anterior nerve roots. Br. Med. J.300:1494, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  36. Binnie, N.R., Smith, A.N., Creasey, G.H., Edmond, P.: Constipation associated with spinal cord injury: The effect of pelvic parasympathetic stimulation by the Brindley stimulator. Paraplegia (in press)

  37. Binnie, N.R., Smith, A.N., Creasey, G.H., Edmond, P.: Effect of electrical anterior sacral nerve root stimulation on pelvic floor function in paraplegic subjects. Journal of Gastrointestinal Motility3:31, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  38. Smith, P.H., Turnbull, G.A., Currie, D.W., Peel, K.R.: The urological complications of Wertheim's hysterectomy. Br. J. Urol.41:685, 1969

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hamley, H.G.: The late urological complications of total hysterectomy. J. Urol.41:682, 1969

    Google Scholar 

  40. Forney, J.P.: The effect of radical hysterectomy on bladder physiology. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol.138:374, 1980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Woodside, J.R., McGuire, E.J.: Detrusor hypertonicity as a late complication of Wertheim hysterectomy. J. Urol.127:1143, 1982

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Yalla, S.V., Andriole, G.L.: Vesicourethral dysfunction following pelvic visceral ablative surgery. J. Urol.132:503, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Ferghaly, S.A., Hindmarsh, J.R., Worth, P.H.L.: Post-hysterectomy urethral dysfunction: Evaluation and management. Br. J. Urol.58:299, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Parys, B.T., Haylen, B.T., Woolfenden, K.A., Parsons, K.F.: Vesico-urethral dysfunction after simple hysterectomy. Neurology and Urodynamics8:315, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  45. Smith, P.H., Ballantyne, B.: The neuroanatomical basis for denervation of the urinary bladder following major pelvic surgery. Br. J. Surg.55:929, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Chang, P.L., Fan, H.A.: Urodynamic abnormalities before and/or after abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum for carcinoma. J. Urol.130:948, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Long, D.M., Bernstein, W.C.: Sexual dysfunction as a complication of abdomino-perineal resection of the rectum in the male: An anatomic and physiologic study. Dis. Colon Rectum2:540, 1959

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Gurnari, M., Mazziotti, F., Corazziari, E., Badiali, D., Alessandrini, A., Carenza, L., Torsoli, A.: Chronic constipation after gynaecological surgery: A retrospective study. Ital. J. Gastroenterol.20:183, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  49. Taylor, T., Smith, A.N., Fulton, P.M.: Effects of hysterectomy on bowel and bladder function. Int. J. Color. Dis.5:228, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kawimbe, B.W., Binnie, N.R., Smith, A.N.: An electromyographically derived (anismus) index in pelvic floor outlet obstruction during defaecation straining. Gut29:1487, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  51. Varma, J.S., Binnie, N., Smith, A.N., Creasey, G.H., Edmond, P.: Differential effects of sacral anterior root stimulation on anal sphincter and colorectal motility in spinal man. Br. J. Surg.73:478, 1986

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Warwick, R., Williams, P.L.: Gray's Anatomy. Edinburgh, Longmans, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  53. Roman, C., Gonella, J.: Extrinsic control of digestive tract motility. In Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract, L.R. Johnson, editor, New York, Raven Press, 1981, pp. 89–333

    Google Scholar 

  54. Adamson, W.A.D., Aird, I.: Megacolon: Evidence in favour of a neurogenic origin. Br. J. Surg.20:220, 1932

    Google Scholar 

  55. Cannon, W.B.: Law of denervation. Am. J. Med. Sci.198:737, 1939

    Google Scholar 

  56. Lapides, J., Friend, C.R., Ajemian, E.P., Reus, W.F.: A new test for neurogenic bladder. J. Urol.88:245, 1962

    Google Scholar 

  57. Abdel-Rahman, M., Toppercer, A., Duguay, C., Watier, A., Tetrault, A., Devroede, G., Elhilali, M.: Urorectodynamics in patients with colonic inertia. Urology18:428, 1981

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Watier, A., Devroede, G., Duranceau, A., Abdel-Rahman, M., Duguay, D., Forand, M.D., Tetreault, L., Arhan, P., Lamarche, J., Elhilali, M.: Constipation with colonic inertia: A manifestation of systemic disease? Dig. Dis. Sci.28:1025, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Christensen, J., Rick, G.A., Robison, B.A., Stiles, M.J., Wix, M.A.: Arrangement of the myenteric plexus throughout the gastrointestinal tract of the opossum. Gastroenterology85:890, 1983

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Fukai, K., Fukuda, H.: The intramural pelvic nerves in the colon of dogs. J. Physiol.354:89, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Christensen, J., Schulze-Delrieu, K.: Nerves in the colon: Discovery and rediscovery. Gastroenterology89:222, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  62. de Groat, W.C., Kawatani, M.: Reorganisation of sympathetic preganglionic connections in cat bladder ganglia following parasympathetic denervation. J. Physiol.409:431, 1989

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Ekstrom, J., Motmberg, L.: Functional evidence for sprouting of decentralized parasympathetic neurons in rat urinary bladder. Acta Physiol. Scand.112:7, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  64. Morrison, J.F.B.: The neural control of the bladder. In Systemic Role of Regulatory Peptides, F.K. Schattauer, editor, Stuttgart, New York, Verlag, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  65. Roe, A.M., Bartolo, D.C.C., Mortensen, N.J.Mc.C.: Slow transit constipation: Comparison between patients with and without previous hysterectomy. Dig. Dis. Sci.33:1159, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Howard, E.R., Nixon, H.H.: Internal anal sphincter: Observations on development and mechanism of inhibitory responses in premature infants and children with Hirschprung's disease. Arch. Dis. Child.43:569, 1968

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Godec, C.J., Esho, J., Cass, A.S.: Correlation among cystometry, urethral pressure profilometry and pelvic floor electromyography in the evaluation of female patients with voiding dysfunction symptoms. J. Urol.124:678, 1980

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Catchpole, B.N.: Motor pattern of left colon before and after surgery for rectal cancer: Possible implications in other disorders. Gut29:624, 1988

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Preston, D.M., Hawley, P.R., Lennard-Jones, J.E., Todd, I.P.: Results of colectomy for severe idiopathic constipation in women (Arbuthnot Lane's disease). Br. J. Surg.71:547, 1984

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Varma, J.S. Autonomic influences on colorectal motility and pelvic surgery. World J. Surg. 16, 811–819 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066975

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02066975

Keywords

Navigation