Abstract
Lead stocks of wooden-lead anchors found along the Bulgarian Black Sea coast and typologically dated VI c. B.C.-III c. A. D. have been analyzed for chemical composition and lead isotope ratios by INAA, AAS and mass spectrometry. Using multivariate methods for analysis as well as simple bivariate plots the lead for production of the stocks was localized as originating from Laurion, Thassos, Troas, Chalkidike and the Rhodopes. In general, the chemical composition is not recommended to be used for provenance study of lead artefacts. Combining the results from this study with the existing typological classification certain conclusions about the production and distribution of lead anchors in the Aegean region are made.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
E. PERNICKA, Nucl. Instr. Methods Phys. Res., B 14 (1986) 24.
E. PERNICKA, Jahrbuch Roemisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz, 34 (1987) 607.
Z. A. STOS-GALE, Field J. Archaeol., 9 (1982) 467.
Z. A. STOS-GALE, Archaeol. Polona, 31 (1993) 149.
D. HALDANE, Int. J. Nautical Archaeol., 15 (1985) 135.
I. KULEFF, R. DJINGOVA, A. ALEXANDROVA, Chr. AANGELOVA, Proc. 27th Symp. Archaeometry, Heildelberg, 1990, Archaeometry-90, E. PERNICKA and G. WAGNER (Eds), Birkhaeuser Verlag, Basel, 1990, p. 199.
B. AMOV, Isotopenpraxis, 9 (1968) 358.
E. J. CATANZARO, T. J. MURPHY, W. R. SHIELDS, E. L. GARNER, J. Res. Nat. Bur. Stand., Sect. A 72, 3 (1968) 261.
W. S. DIXON, M. B. BROWN (Eds), BMDP, Biomedical Computer Programs, Dep. Biomathematics. University of California Press, Los Angeles, 1981.
N. GALE, Proc. 25th Symp. on Archaeometry, Athens, 1986, Archaeometry, Y. MANIATIS (Ed.), Elsevier, 1989, p. 469.
N. GALE, Z. STOS-GALE, Archaeological Chemistry IV, Advances in Chem. Ser. 220, R. ALLEN (Ed.), Washington, D.C., Am. Chem. Soc., 1989. p. 159.
S. CHALKIAS, M. VAVELIDIS, Bull. Geol. Soc. Greece, 23 (1989) 177.
S. CHALKIAS, M. VAVELIDIS, S. SCHMITT-STECKER, F. BEGEMANN, Antike Edel- und Buntmetallgewinnung auf Thasos, G. WAGNER, and G. WEISGERBEN (Eds), Deutschen Bergbau Museums, Bochum, 1988, p. 59.
B. AMOV, T. BALDJIEVA, V. BRESKOVSKA, R. DIMITROV B. KOLKOVSKI, H. STOJKOV, T. TODOROV, Geol. rudn. mestorozd., 3 (1985) 3.
B. AMOV, V. ARNAUDOV, M. PAVLOVA, Freiberger Forschungshefte, C 441. Geowissenschaften, (1990) 11.
C. REEDY, T. REEDY, Material Issues in Art and Archaeology, E. SAYER, P. VANDIVER, J. DRUZIK, and C. STEVENSON (Eds), Materials Res. Soc., Pitsburg, 1988, p. 65.
T. REEDY, C. REEDY, Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II, P. VANDIVER, J. DRUSIK, and G. S. WHEELER (Eds), Material Res. Soc., Pittsburg, 1991, p. 39.
E. V. SAYRE, K. A. YENER, E. C. JOEL, I. L. BARNES, Archaeometry, 34 (1988) 73.
E. V. SAYRE. Comments on the Brookhaven Data Handling Programs, 1988, personal communication.
A. ORATSHEV, I. ORATSHEVA, Archaeologia (Sofia), 29 (1988) 18.
G. GEORGIEV, Poleznite izkopaemi ot vremeto na trakite (Metal and non-metalliferrous resources in the time of the Thracians) Publ. House of the Bulg. Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 1987.
G. WAGNER, E. PERNICKA, T. SEELIGER, OE. OEZTUNALI, I. BARANYI, F. BEGEMANN, S. SCHMITT-STECKER, Bull. Mineral Research and Explor. Inst. Turkey, 100/101 (1985) 45.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kuleff, I., Djingova, R., Alexandrova, A. et al. INAA, AAS, and lead isotope analysis of ancient lead anchors from the Black Sea. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, Articles 196, 65–76 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036290
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02036290