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Short-distance radio telemetry of biopotentials in occupational medicine

  • Arbeitsphysiologie
  • Published:
Zeitschrift für Präventivmedizin

Zusammenfassung

Es werden zwei Typen von radiotelemetrischen Sendern beschrieben für die Übertragung bioelektrischer Spannungen beim Menschen in Bewegung, besonders während der Arbeit. Das erste Modell eignet sich für Spannungen der Größenordnung von 1 Millivolt mit Frequenzkomponenten im Bereich von 0,5 bis 160–300 Hz, zum Beispiel EKG oder Summations-EMG. Das zweite Modell wurde speziell für die Herzschlagfrequenzmessung konstruiert; das übertragene Frequenzband ist für diesen Zweck auf 4 bis 30 Hz beschränkt. Der Hochfrequenzoszillator (40–95 MHz) ist entweder amplituden- oder frequenzmoduliert; keine Sendeantenne wird verwendet, so daß die Hochfrequenzenergie nur von der Oszillatorspule, den Elektrodenableitkabeln sowie vom Körper der Versuchsperson ausgestrahlt wird. Diese Konstruktion ermöglicht es, den Sender unter der Bekleidung der Versuchsperson zu plazieren, was einen Schutz gegen Temperaturschwankungen und andere schädliche Einwirkungen des Arbeitsmilieus (Staub, Ätzmittel usw.) bietet. Der Sender unter der Kleidung kann keinen elektrischen Unfall (durch Berührung von Netzspannungsleitungen usw.) verursachen und bleibt für andere Personen unsichtbar, wodurch ein ungünstiger emotioneller Streß der Versuchsperson vermieden wird.

In beiden Modellen wird eine Hilfsträgerfrequenz von ungefähr 1200 Hz, frequenzmoduliert mit einem ziemlich hohen Frequenzhub (±30%) seines Mittelwertes, verwendet. Diese Hilfsträgerfrequenz kann auf einem Tonbandgerät aufgenommen und später beim Abspielen für graphische Registrierung oder automatische Analyse benutzt werden. Wenn die Hilfsträgerfrequenz durch das EKG-Potential frequenzmoduliert wird, schwankt die entsprechende Tonhöhe im Rhythmus der Herztätigkeit, was die Herzschlagzählung ohne weitere Auswertungsgeräte ermöglicht.

Die Reichweite der drahtlosen Übertragung mit den beschriebenen Sendern beträgt von 30 (im Gebäude) bis zu 100 m (im Freien). Der Stromverbrauch (7–9 Milliampere von einer 9 V Batterie) gewährt eine Betriebsdauer von ungefähr 20 bis 30 Stunden ohne Batteriewechsel. Das Gewicht (160 bzw. 250 Gramm) könnte durch Mikrominiaturisation noch reduziert werden; jedoch für eine Routineverwendung in der Arbeitsphysiologie und verwandten Disziplinen erscheint die Konstruktion aus Standard-Bestandteilen ökonomischer zu sein.

Summary

Two types of radiotelemetrie transmitters were designed for recording biopotentials in moving human subjects, especially during occupational work. The first type is suitable for potentials of order 1 millivolt and with frequency components in the range 0.5 to 160–300 c/s, e.g. electrocardiogram or summation electromyogram. The second type is designed specifically for heart rate counting, owing to the signal frequency band being limited from 4 to 30 c/s. The very high frequency oscillator (40 to 95 Mc/s) is frequency- or amplitude-modulated; no transmitting antenna is used, so that the radio-frequency energy is radiated only by the oscillator coil, electrode leads and the subject's body. This construction allows the transmitter to be worn under the subject's clothes, preventing thus damage to the transmitter from too high or low environmental temperature or other unfavourable factors (dust, corrosive substances, etc.). Moreover, carrying the transmitter under the clothes excludes the hazard of electrical injury due to accidental contact with mains supplies and makes the transmitter practically invisible to co-workers and other persons, reducing thus emotional stress from medical examination during work.

A subcarrier frequency, approximately 1200 c/s, frequency-modulated with an unusually high deviation (±30%) of the mean value, is used in both transmitter types. This subcarrier frequency can be recorded on the magnetic tape and used for subsequent graphic recording and/or automatical analysis of the bioelectric signal. — If the subcarrier modulation is performed with the electrocardiographic potential, the pitch of the corresponding tone varies in the rhythm of heart action, making thus possible immediate distant heart rate counting.

The range of telemetry is several tens of meters. The current drain, 7 to 9 milliamperes from a 9 volt battery, allows satisfactory operation for approximately 20 to 30 hours. The weight, 160 or 250 grams, could be further reduced by using integrated circuitry; nevertheless, the use of standard components seems to be more economical for routine examination in occupational physiology and related branches of medicine.

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Mikiska, A. Short-distance radio telemetry of biopotentials in occupational medicine. Z. Prāventivmed 12, 48–62 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02035405

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