Skip to main content
Log in

The size and structure of British technology activities: What we do and do not know

  • Published:
Scientometrics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

As a result of official, private and university initiatives, indicators of British technological activity have improved considerably over the past 30 years. They reveal strong similarities to other Western, industrialised countries in the type of activity performed, in its relative concentration within business firms, and in its distribution amongst sectors and firms of different sizes. They also reveal a relatively low level and rate of growth of technological activities, with relative strength in aerospace and chemicals, and decline and weakness in electronics. These patterns result in large part from decisions about technology strategy taken by not much more than a handful of large firms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Advisory Committee for Applied Research and Development (ACARD),Software — A Vital Key to UK Competitiveness, HMSO, 1986.

  2. K. ARROW, Economic welfare and the allocation of resources for invention, in: R. NELSON (Ed.),The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity, Princeton University Press, 1962.

  3. R. BARRAS, Towards a theory of innovation in services,Research Policy, Vol. 15, 1986.

  4. J. D. BERNAL,The Social Function of Science, Routledge, London, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  5. D. BOSWORTH, Changes in the quality of inventive output and patent-based indices of technological change,Bulletin of Economic Research, Vol. 25, 1973.

  6. D. BOSWORTH, Recent trends in research and development activity in the United Kingdom,Research Policy, Vol. 8, 1979.

  7. D. BOSWORTH, Foreign patent flows to and from the United Kingdom,Research Policy, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1984.

  8. D. BOSWORTH,UK Intellectual Property Statistics, ESRC/Royal Statistical Society, Pergamon Press, 1987.

  9. C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Industry and Technical Progress, Oxford University Press, 1957.

  10. C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Investment in Innovation, Oxford University Press, 1958.

  11. C. CARTER, B. WILLIAMS,Science in Industry, Oxford University Press, 1959.

  12. COOPERS & LYBRAND ASSOCIATES,Computing Services Industry, 1986–96 — A Decade of Opportunity, Department of Trade and Industry, London, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR),Estimates of Resources devoted to Scientific and Engineering Research and Development in British Manufacturing, 1955, HMSO, 1958.

  14. DSIR,Industrial Research and Development Expenditure, 1958, HMSO, 1960.

  15. J. FAGERBERG, A technology gap approach to why growth rates differ,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987.

  16. C. FREEMAN, Research and development: A comparison between British and American industry,National Institute Economic Review, No. 20, London, 1962.

  17. C. FREEMAN,Proposed Standard Practice for Surveys of Research and Development, (The Frascati Manual), OECD, Paris, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  18. C. FREEMAN, The Role of Small Firms in Innovation in the United Kingdom since 1945, Committee of Inquiry on Small Firms, Research Report No. 6, HMSO, London, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  19. C. FREEMAN, Bernal and the ‘Social Function of Science’, (mimeo), SPRU, University of Sussex, 1985.

  20. C. FREEMAN, C. SAUNDERS, R. EVELEY,Industrial Research in Manufacturing Industry, 1959–60, Federation of British Industry, London, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  21. C. FREEMAN, A. YOUNG,The Research and Development Effort in Western Europe, North America and the Soviet Union, OECD, Paris, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  22. C. FREEMAN (Ed.), Special issue in honor of Yvan Fabian,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987.

  23. Gellman Research Associates Inc.,Indicators of International Trends in Technological Innovation, reported in National Science Board (1975), Science Indicators, 1974, National Science Foundation, Washington, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  24. L. GEORGHIOU, J. METCALFE, M. GIBBONS, T. RAY, J. EVANS,Post-Innovation Performance: Technological Development and Competition, Macmillan, London, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Z. GRILICHES (Ed.), Market value, R&D, and patents, in:R&D, Patents and Productivity, University of Chicago Press, 1984.

  26. House of Lords Select Comittee on Science and Technology,Engineering Research and Development, HMSO, 1983.

  27. J. KAMIN, I. BIJAOUI, R. HORESH, Some determinants of cost distribution in the process of technological innovation,Research Policy, Vol. 11, 1982.

  28. H. KLEINMAN, Indicators of the Output of New Technological Products from Industry, Report to the National Science Foundation, National Technical Information Service, US Department of Commerce, 1975.

  29. R. LEVIN, A. KLEVORICK, R. NELSON, S. WINTER, Survey research on R&D, appropriability and opportunity. Part 1: Appropriability, (mimeo), Yale University, 1984.

  30. E. MANSFIELD et al.,Research and Innovation in the Modern Corporation, Norton, New York, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  31. D. DE MELTO, K. MCMULLEN, R. WILLS,Innovation and Technological Change in Five Canadian Industries, Discussion Paper No. 176, Economic Council of Canada, Ottawa, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  32. D. MOWERY, The relationship between the contractual and in-house froms of industrial research in American manufacturing, 1900–1940,Explorations in Economic History, 1983.

  33. D. MOWERY, Firm structure, government policy, and the organisation of industrial research: Great Britain and the United States, 1900–1950,Business History Review, 1984.

  34. F. NARIN, E. NOMA, Is technology becoming science?,Scientometrics, Vol. 7, 1985.

  35. F. NARIN, D. OLIVASTRO,Identifying Areas of Strength and Excellence in UK Technology, CHI Research, 1987.

  36. OECD, Preliminary Report of the Results of the Conference on Science and Technology Indicators, Committee for Scientific and Technological Policy, Paris, 1981.

  37. OECD,Software; An Emerging Industry, Paris, 1985.

  38. OECD,R&D, Invention and Competitiveness, Paris, 1986.

  39. Office of Technology Assessment and Forecast, (OTAF), Technology Assessment and Forecast: 7th Report, US Department of Commerce, 1977.

  40. P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, Is Western Europe losing the technological race?,Research Policy, Vol. 16, Nos 2-4, 1987.

  41. P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, The elements of British technological competitiveness,National Institute Economic Review, November, 1987.

  42. P. PATEL, K. PAVITT, The technological activities of the UK: fresh look, in: Z. SILBERSTON (Ed.),Technology and Economic Progress, Macmillan, 1988.

  43. P. PATEL, L. SOETE, International comparisons of activity in fast-growing patent fields (in preparation), Science Policy Research Unit, 1988.

  44. K. PAVITT (Ed.),Technical Innovation and British Economic Performance, Macmillan, London, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  45. K. PAVITT, Technology in British industry: A suitable case for improvement, in: C. CARTER (Ed.),Industrial Policy and Innovation, Heinemann, London, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  46. K. PAVITT, Characteristics of innovative activities in British industry,Omega, Vol. 11, No. 2, 1983.

  47. K. PAVITT, The objectives of technology policy,Science and Public Policy, Vol. 14, 1987.

  48. K. PAVITT, Uses and abuses of patent statistics, in: A. VAN RAAN (Ed.),Elsevier Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, North Holland Elsevier, 1988.

  49. K. PAVITT, L. SOETE, International differences in economic growth and ther international location of innovation, in: H. GIERSCH (Ed.),Emerging Technologies: Consequences for Economic Growth, Structural change, and Employment, JCB Mohr (Tubingen), 1982.

  50. K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, The size distribution of innovating firms in the UK: 1945–83,The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. XXXV, No. 3, 1987.

  51. K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, Technological Accumulation, diversification and organisation in UK companies, 1945–83, ESRC DRC Discussion Paper Number 50, SPRU, University of Sussex, 1987.

  52. K. PAVITT, M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, A fresh look at the size distribution of innovating firms, in: F. ARCANGELI. P. DAVID, G. DOSI (Eds),The Diffusion of New Technology: Modern Patterns in Introducing and Adopting Innovations, Oxford University Press, 1988.

  53. M. ROBSON, J. TOWNSEND, K. PAVITT, Sectoral patterns of production and use of innovations in the UK, 1945–83,Research Policy, Vol. 17, 1988.

  54. F. SCHERER, Inter-industry technology flows in the United States,Research Policy, Vol. 11, 1982.

  55. L. SOETE, Firm size and inventive activity: The evidence reconsidered,European Economic Review, Vol. 12, 1979.

  56. L. SOETE, A general test of technological gap trade theory,Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Vol. 117, 1981.

  57. L. SOETE, The newly emerging information technology sector, in: C. FREEMAN, L. SOETE (Eds),Technical Change and Full Employment, Blackwell, 1987.

  58. L. SOETE, S. WYATT, The use of foreign patenting as an internationally comparable science and technology output indicator,Scientometrics, Vol. 5, 1983.

  59. H. STEAD, The costs of technological innovation,Research Policy, Vol. 5, 1975.

  60. G. STIGLER, The division of labour is limited by the extent of the market,Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 59, 1951.

  61. J. TOWNSEND, F. HENWOOD, G. THOMAS, K. PAVITT, S. WYATT, Innovations in Britain since 1945, Occasional Paper No. 16, SPRU, University of Sussex, 1981.

  62. UK Cabinet Office,Annual Review of Government Funded R and D, 1983, HMSO, 1984.

  63. UK Department of Education and Science/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, HMSO, 1967.

  64. UK Department of Education and Science/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, 1968, HMSO, 1968.

  65. UK Department of Education and Science/Ministry of Technology,Statistics of Science and Technology, 1970, HMSO, 1970.

  66. R. VERNON, International investment and international trade in the product cycle,Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 80, 1966.

  67. B. WILLIAMS, Assessing the economics of innovation,Technology, Investment and Growth, Chapman Hall, London, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  68. A. YOUNG, Statistics of research and development, draft of Review No. 29. in: W. MAUNDER (Ed.),Reviews of UK Statistical Sources, (mimeo), Science Policy Research Unit, 1982.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Pavitt, K. The size and structure of British technology activities: What we do and do not know. Scientometrics 14, 329–346 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02020083

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02020083

Keywords

Navigation