Abstract
The structure of R & D in biotechnology is analysed using co-classification analysis of joint subject heading assignments in Derwent BIOTECHNOLOGY ABSTRACTS and subject profile analysis of 44 highly productive biotechnology-intensive organizations whose patents and publications are indexed therein. A Pathfinder Network Analysis reveals two distinct foci in biotechnology R & D-fermentation and genetic engineering-each linked to relevant products and secondary processes. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis identified 5 major groupings of companies, research institutes, and patent-holding organizations arranged along two dimensions-industrial fermentation processesvs genetic engineering and biomedicalvs non-biomedical R & D.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Big bang biotech research doesn't always guarantee big bucks profits,Science Watch, (1991, September) p. 1–2.
Coombs, J. &Alston, Y. R. (Eds),The Biotechnology Directory New York, NY, Stockton Press, 1992.
Braam, R. R.,Mapping of Science: Foci of Intellectual Interest in Scientific Literature, DSWO Press, Leiden University, 1991.
Crafts-Lightly, A.,Information Sources, in Biotechnology (second), New York, Stockton Press, 1986.
De Looze, M., The application of scientometric tools to the analysis of a sector in plant biotechnologies: Nitrogen fixation,Scientometrics, 30 (1994) 23–34.
Dou, H., Hassanaly, P. &Quoniam, L., Infographic analytical tools for decision makers. Analysis of the research production in sciences. Application to chemistry, comparison between Marseille and Montpellier (France),Scientometrics, 17 (1989) 61–70.
Engelsman, E. C. &Van Raan, A. F. J., A patent-based cartography of technology,Research Policy, 23 (1994) 1–26.
Ennis, J. G., The social organization of sociological knowledge: Modeling the intersection of specialties,American Sociological Review, 57 (1992) 259–265.
Franklin, J. J., Testing and using quantitative methods in science policy contexts: A response to Hicks,Social Studies of Science, 18 (1988) 365–375.
Franklin, J. J. &Johnston, R., Co-citation bibliometric, modeling as a tool for S & T policy and R & D management: Issues, applications, and developments. In:A. F. V. Van Raan (Ed.),Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, Holland, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 325–389.
Gianturco, M., (1990, December 20) Peer Review,Forbes, reprint.
Giusti, W. L. &Georghiou, L., The use of co-nomination analysis in real-time evaluation of an R-and-D program,Scientometrics, 14 (1988) 265–281.
Griliches, Z. (Ed.),R & D, Patents, and Productivity Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1984.
Halperin, M. R.,The Publications of U.S. Industrial Scientists: A Company and Industry Analysis, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, 1986.
Healey, P., Rothman, H. &Hoch, P. K., An experiment in science mapping for research planning,Research Policy, 15 (1986) 233–251.
Hicks D., Limitations of co-citation analysis as a tool for science policy,Social Studies of Science, 17 (1987) 295–316.
Hinze, S., Bibliographic cartography of an emerging interdisciplinary discipline: The case of bioelectronics,Scientometrics, 29 (1994) 353–376.
King, J., A review of bibliometrics and other science indicators and their role in research evaluation,Journal of Information Science, 13 (1987) 261–276.
Koenig, M. E., A bibliometric analysis of pharmaceutical research,Research Policy, 12 (1983) 15–36.
Kostoff, R. N., Co-word analysis. In:B. Bozeman &J. Melkers (Eds),Evaluating R & D Impacts: Methods and Practice, Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp. 63–78.
Lenk, P., Mapping of fields based on nominations,Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 34 (1983) 115–122.
Lewison, G. &Cunningham, P., Bibliometric studies for the evaluation of trans-national research,Scientometrics, 21 (1991) 223–244.
Martin, B. R. &Irvine, J., Assessing basic research,Research Policy, 12 (1983) 61–90.
McCain, K. W., Biotechnology in context: A database-filtering approach to identifying core and productive non-core journals, supporting multi-disciplinary R & D.Journal of the American Society for Information Science (in press 1995).
McCain, K. W., Visible colleges: The special interest group co-membership structure ofAsis. S. Bonzi (Ed.)Integrating Technologies/Converging Professions, Vol. 30, Columbus, OH, 1993, October 24. Medford, NJ: Learned Information, 1993, pp. 172–177.
McCain, K. W., Core journal networks and cocitation maps: New bibliometric tools for serials research and management,Library Quarterly, 61 (1991) 311–336.
McCain, K. W., Mapping authors in intellectual space: A technical overview,Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 41 (1990) 433–443.
McCain, K. W., White, H. D. &Griffith, B. C., Comparing Retrieval Performance in Online Data Bases,Information Processing & Management, 23 (1987) 539–553.
Melkers, J. Bibliometrics as a tool for analysis of R & D impacts. In:B. Bozeman &J. Melkers (Eds),Evaluating R & D Impacts: Methods and Practice, Boston, MA, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1993, pp. 43–61.
Narin, F., Noma, E. &Perry, R., Patents as indicators of corporate technological strength,Research Policy, 16 (1987) 143–155.
Narin, F., Olivastro, D. &Stevens, K. A., Bibliometrics/theory practice and problems,Evaluation Review, 18 (1994) 65–76.
Narin, F. & Smith, V. M. Invisible enemies: Identifying future technological competitors.Keeping Apace in the CI Race. Ninth Annual International Conference of the Society of Competitive Intelligence Professionals, Boston, MA, 1994, April 27, pp. 66–87.
Nederhof, A. J., Changes in publication patterns of biotechnologists: An evaluation of the impact of government stimulation programs in six industrial nations,Scientometrics, 14 (1988) 475–485.
Peters, H. P. F. &Van Raan, A. F. J., Co-word-based science maps of chemical engineering. Part I: Representations by direct multidimensional scaling,Research Policy, 22 (1993) 23–45.
Peters, H. P. F. &Van Raan, A. F. J., Co-word-based science maps of chemical engineering. Part II: Representations by combined clustering and multidimensional scaling,Research Policy, 22 (1993) 47–71.
Rip, A. Mapping of science: Possibilities and limitations. In:A. F. J. Van Raan (Ed.),Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, Holland, Elsevier, 1988, pp. 253–273.
Rip, A. &Courtial, L., Co-word maps of biotechnology: An example of cognitive scientometrics,Scientometrics, 6 (1984) 381–400.
Schvaneveldt, R. W. (Ed.),Pathfinder Associative Networks. Studies in Knowledge Organization. Norwood, NJ, Ablex Publishing Corporation, 1990.
Science Watch's 30 leading industrials. (1990, November),Science Watch, p. 7.
Snow, B., Patents in non-patent databases: Bioscience specialty files,Database, 12 (1989) 41–48.
Stenberg, L., Molecular Beam Epitaxy — A mesoview of Japanese research organization. In:H. Grupp (Ed.),Dynamics of Science-Based Innovation, Berlin, Germany, Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 161–223.
Subramanyam, K.,Scientific, and Technical Information Resources, New York, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1981.
Taubes, G., Measure for measure in science,Science, 260 (1993) 884–886.
Tijssen, R. J. W.,Cartography of science: scientometric mapping with multidimensional scaling methods, Leiden, Netherlands: DSWO Press, Leiden University, 1992.
Tijssen, R. J. W., A quantitative assessment of interdisciplinary structures in science, and technology: Co-classification analysis of energy research,Research Policy, 21 (1992) 27–44.
Tijssen, R. J. W. &Van Raan, A. F. J., Mapping changes in science and technology: Bibliometric co-occurrence analysis of the R & D literature,Evaluation Review, 18 (1994) 98–115.
Todorov, R., Displaying content of scientific journals: A co-heading analysis,Scientometrics, 23 (1992) 319–334.
Todorov, R., Representing a scientific field: A bibliometric approach,Scientometrics, 15 (1989) 593–605.
Todorov, R. &Winterhager, M., Mapping Australian geophysics: A co-heading analysis,Scientometrics, 19 (1990) 35–56.
Turner, W. A., Chartron, G., Laville, F. &Michelet, B., Packaging information for peer review: New co-word analysis techniques. InA. F. J. Van Raan (Ed.),Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier, 1988, pp. 291–323.
Van Raan, A. F. J. (Ed.),Handbook of Quantitative Studies of Science and Technology, Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier, 1988.
White, H. D. &McCain, K. W., Bibliometrics,Annual Review of Information Science and Technology, 24 (1989) 119–186.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
McCain, K.W. The structure of biotechnology R & D. Scientometrics 32, 153–175 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016892
Received:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02016892