Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the direct influence of cholesterol and triglycerides on the rheologic-coagulative pattern. Blood rheologic properties (blood plasmatic and seric viscosity, whole blood and red cell filterability), some coagulative factors (fibrinogen, levels of clotting factors VII and VIII activity), and beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 were studied in 156 men aged 40–54 years, 87 with type II hyperlipoproteinemia (46 type IIa and 41 type IIb) and 69 normolipemic controls. Smokers and patients with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or cardiovascular clinical manifestations were excluded. Increased blood viscosity (shear rate 225 sec-1,p<0.01) and higher value of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 (p<0.001 both) were observed in type IIb hyperlipoproteinemic patients. Levels of fibrinogen and factor VII and VIII activity did not differ in hyperlipemic patients and controls. After multiple regression analysis, levels of platelet factor 4, plasma viscosity, and fibrinogenemia were positively related with triglycerides concentration; total cholesterol concentration was positively related to fVII activity and inversely with red cell filterability. We conclude that the rheologic-coagulative pattern is more severely altered in type IIb than in type IIa hyperlipoproteinemia, and that these alterations are strictly related to the severity of the increase in trigly cerides and cholesterol levels.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Stokes J III (1988) Dyslipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and untimely death: The Framingham Study. In: Atherosclerosis Reviews, 18, Stokes and Mancini (eds). Raven Press, New York, pp 49–57.
Leonhardt H, Arntz HR, and Klemens OH (1977) Studies of plasma viscosity in primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 28:29–40.
Seplowitz AH, Chien S, Rees Smith F (1981) Effects of lipoproteins on plasma viscosity. Atherosclerosis 38:89–95.
Shastri KM, Carvalho ACA, Lees RS (1980) Platelet function and platelet lipid composition in the dyslipoproteinemias. J Lip Res 21:467–472.
Mitropoulos KA, Miller GJ, Reeves BEA, Wilkes HC, Cruickshank JK (1989) Factor VII coagulant activity is strongly associated with the plasma concentration of large lipoprotein particles in middle-aged men. Atherosclerosis 76:203–208.
Visona' A, Lusiani L, Nicolin P, D'Avanzo S, Pagnan A (1987) Emocoagulazione e rischio di aterosclerosi. Min Angio 12:127–130.
Carvalho ACA, Colman RW, Lees RS (1974) Platelet function in hyperlipoproteinemia. N Engl J Med 290:434–438.
Lowe GDO, Drummond MM, Lorimer AR, Hutton I, Forbes CD, Prentice CRM, Barbenel C (1980) Relation between extent of coronary heart disease and blood viscosity. Br Med J 280:673–674.
Stoltz JF (1981) Cardiovascular disease, risk factors and hemorheological parameters. Clin Hemorheol 3:275–280.
Broadhurst P, Kelleher C, Hughes L, Imeson JD, Rafrery EB (1980) Fibrinogen, factor VII clotting activity and coronary heart disease severity. Atherosclerosis 85: 169–173.
Wilhelmsen I, Svarsudd K, Korsan-Bengsten K, Larsson B, Welin L, Tibblin G (1984) Fibrinogen as a risk factor for stroke and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 311:501–509.
Niort G, Bulgarelli A, Cassader M, Pagano G (1988) Effect of short-term treatment with Bezafibrate on plasma fibrinogen, fibrinopeptide A, platelet activation and blood filterability in atherosclerotic hyperfibrinogenemic patients. Atherosclerosis 71:113–119.
Bo M, Bonino F, Neirotti M, Gottero M, Pernigotti L, Molaschi M, Fabris F (1991) Hemorheologic and coagulative pattern in hypercholesterolemic subjects treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Angiology 42:106–113.
Bo M, Poli L, Gottero M, Gobbi C, Pernigotti L, Bonino F, Neirotti M, Fabris F (1991) Modifications of the coagulative and rheologic pattern in hypercholesterolemic patients treated with Bezafibrate R or Simvastatin. Arch Gerontol Geriatr (suppl 2): 401–408.
Bo M, Pernigotti L, Poli L, Pedrazzini V, Bonino F, Gottero M, Gobbi C, Fabris F (1991) One-year experience in the treatment of elderly hypercholesterolemic patients with pravastatin. Curr Ther Res 50:151–158.
Koppensteiner R, Minar E, Ehringer H (1990) Effect of lovastatin on hemorheology in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 83:53–58.
Avellone G, Di Gabbo V, Panno AV, Cordova R, Lepore R, Strano A (1988) Change induced by Gemfibrozil on lipidic, coagulative and fibrinolytic pattern in patients with type IV hyperlipoproteinemia. Int Angiol 7:270–277.
Davi' G, Averna M, Novo S, Barbagallo CM, Mogavero A, Notarbartolo A, Strano A (1989) Effect of synvinolin on platelet aggregation and thromboxane B2 synthesis in type II hypercholesterolemic patients. Atherosclerosis 79:79–83.
Jay RH, Rampling MW, Batteridge DJ (1990) Abnormalities of blood rheology in familial hypercholesterolemia: Effects of treatment. Atherosclerosis 85:249–256.
Rubba P, Iannuzzi A, Postiglione A, Scarpato N, Montefusco S, Gnasso A, Nappi G, Cortese G, Mancini M (1990) Hemodynamic changes in peripheral circulation after repeat low-density lipoprotein aferesis in familial hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 81:610–616.
Muller S, Ziegler O, Donner M, Drovin P, Stolz JF (1990) Rheological properties and membrane fluidity of red blood cells and platelets in primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 83:231–237.
Miller GJ, Martin JC, Mitropoulos KA, Reeves BEA, Thompson RL, Meade TW, Cooper JA, Cruickshank JK (1991) Plasma factor VII is activated by postprandial triglyceridemia, irrespective of dietary fat composition. Atherosclerosis 86:163–171.
Bruckert E, Carvalho de Sousa J, Giral P, Soria C, Chapman MJ, Caen J, De Gennes JL (1989) Interrelationship of plasma triglyceride and coagulant factor VII levels in normotriglyceridemic hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 75:129–134.
Simpson HCR, Meade TW, Stirling Y, Mann JI, Chakrabarti R, Wolf L (1983) Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercoagulability. Lancet i:786–790.
Meade TW, Mellows S, Brozovic M (1986) Haemostatic function and ischemic heart disease: Principal results of the Nortwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 2:533–540.
Mitropoulos KA, Esnouf MP, Meade TW (1987) Increased factor VII coagulant activity in the rabbit following diet-induced hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 63:43–52.
Hassal DG, Forrest LA, Bruckdorfer R, Marenah CB, Turner P, Cortese C, Miller NE, Lewis B (1983) Influence of plasma lipoproteins on platelet aggregation in a normal male population. Arteriosclerosis 3:332–340.
Lowe GDO, Drummond MM, Brenner WF, Forbes CD, Prentice CRM, Lawrie TDW (1979) Increased plasma fibrinogen and platelet aggregates in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Thromb Haemostas 42:1503–1509.
Lowe GDO, McArdle BM, Stromberg P, Lorimer AR, Forbes CD, Prentice CRM (1982) Increased blood viscosity and fibrinolytic inhibitor in type II hyperlipoproteinemia. Lancet ii:472–475.
WHO Memorandum (1972) Classification of hyperlipidemias and hyperlipoproteinemias. Circulation 45:501.
Reid HL, Barnes AJ, Lock PJ, Dormandy JA (1976) A simple method for measuring erythrocyte deformability. Clin Pathol 9:855–861.
Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Belanger DJ (1987) Fibrinogen, cigarette smoking and risk of cardiovascular disease: Insights from the Framingham Study. Am Heart J 113:1006–1010.
Balleisen L, Bailey J, Epping PH, Schulte H, Van de Loo J (1985) Epidemiological study on factor VII, factor VIII and fibrinogen in an industrial population: I. Baseline data on the relation to age, gender, body weight, smoking, alcohol, pillusing and menopause. Thromb Haemostas 54:475–479.
Meade TW, Imeson I, Stirling Y (1987) Effects of changes in smoking and other characteristics on clotting factors and the risk of ischemic heart disease. Lancet ii:986–988.
Korsan-Bengsten K, Wilhelmsen L, Tibblin G. Blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in a random sample of 788 men 54 years old. Thromb Diath Haemorr 28:89–98.
Khachadurian AK, Uthman SM (1973) Experiences with the homozygous cases of familial hypercholesterolemia. Nutr Metab 15:132–140.
Miller GJ, Martin JC, Webster J, Wilkes H, Miller NE, Wilkinson WH, Meade TW (1986) Association between dietary fat intake and plasma factor VII coagulant activity, a predictor of cardiovascular mortality. Atherosclerosis 60:269–277.
Miller GJ, Cruickshank JK, Ellis LJ, Thompson RL, Wilkes HC, Stirling Y, Mitropoulos KA, Allison JV, Fox TE, Walcher AO (1989) Fat consumption and factor VII coagulant activity in middle-aged men. An association between a dietary and thrombogenic coronary risk factor. Atherosclerosis 78:19–24.
Hulley SB, Rosenman RH, Bawol RD, Brand RJ (1980) Epidemiology as a guide to clinical decisions. The association between triglyceride and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 303:1383–1389.
Rubba P, Mancini M (1990) Hypercholesterolemia, blood rheology and hemodynamics. Curr Op Lipid 1:341–345.
Spoettl F, Froschauer J (1976) Influence of etofibrate on plasma fibrinogen and plasminogen concentrations in patients with different forms of primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Atherosclerosis 25:293–299.
Arntz HR, Leonhardt H, Dreykluft HR (1979) Influence of clofibrate on blood viscosity in primary hyperlipoproteinemia. Klin Wochenschr 57:43–50.
Dormandy JA, Gutteridge JMC, Hoare E, Dormandy TL (1974) Effect of clofibrate on blood viscosity in intermittent claudication. Br Med J 4:259–265.
McDonough JR, Hames CG, Garrison GE, Strubb SC, Lichtnan NA, Hefelfinger DC (1965) The relationship of hematocrit to cardiovascular states of health in the Negro and white populations of Evans Country, Georgia. J Chron Dis 18:243–257.
Elwood PC, Mahler R, Sweetman P, Moore F, Welsby E (1970) Associations between circulating hemoglobin level, serum cholesterol and blood pressure. Lancet i:589–591.
Mayer GA, Fridrich J, Newell J, Szivek J (1971) Plasma components and blood viscosity. Biorheology 8:171–193.
Schuff-Werner P, Schutz E, Seidel D (1989) LDL cholesterol, an underestimated determinant of plasma viscosity? Clin Hemorheol 9:525–531.
Batiala TM, Singh M (1980) Effects of hypercholesterolemia and onion on rheology of blood in rabbits. Biorheology 17:261–266.
Kanakaray P, Singh M (1989) Influence of hypercholesterolemia on morphological and rheological characteristics of erytrocytes. Atherosclerosis 76:209–218.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Bo, M., Molaschi, M., Neirotti, M. et al. Rheologic, haemostatic, and coagulative variables in type II hyperlipoproteinemic subjects. International Journal of Angiology 3, 169–174 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02014938
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02014938