References
Dale RF. The inheritance of primary lymphedema. J Med Genet 1985;22:274–278.
Kinmonth JB. The Lymphathics, 2nd ed. London: Edward Arnold, 1982.
Wolfe JH, Kinmonth JB. The prognosis of primary lymphedema of the lower limb. Arch Surg 1981;116:1157–1160.
Wolfe JH. Primary lymphedema. Can we progress? In Strandness DE, et al. eds. Vascular Diseases. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1987.
Siegel BM, Mayzel KA, Love SM. Level I and II axillary dissection in the treatment of early stage breast cancer. Arch Surg 1990;125:1144–1147.
Track C, Seewald DH, Zoidl JP, et al. External irradiation and interstitial HDR brachytherapy in the treatment of breast cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 1994;170:213–217.
Hoe AI, Iven D, Royle GI, et al. Incidence of arm swelling following axillary clearance for breast cancer. Br J Surg 1992;79:261–263.
Olsen NK, Pfeiffer P, Mondrup K, et al. Radiation-induced brachial plexus neuropathy in breast cancer patients. Acta Oncol 1990;29:885–890.
Petereit DG, Mehta MP, Buchler DA, et al. Inguinofemoral radiation of N0,N1 vulvar cancer may be equivalent to lymphadenectomy if proper radiation technique is used. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993;27:963–967.
Ornellas AA, Seixas AL, De Moraes JR. Analysis of 200 lymphadenectomies in patients with penile carcinoma. J Urol 1991;47:80–86.
Lin JY, Du Beshter B, Angel C, et al. Morbidity and recurrence- with modifications of radical vulvectomy and groin dissection. Gynecol Oncol 1992;47:80–86.
Ravi R. Prophylactic lymphadenectomy vs. observation vs. inguinal biopsy in node-negative patients with invasive carcinoma of the penis. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1993;23:53–58.
Cavanagh D, Fiorica JV, Hoffman MS, et al. Invasive carcinoma of the vulva: Changing trends in surgical management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:1007–1015.
James JH. Lymphoedema following ilioinguinal lymph node dissection. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg 1982;2:38–42.
Takamura A, Mizoe J, Arimoto T, et al. Is postoperative RT beneficial in the management of stage I-II squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix. Asia Oceania J Obstet Gynaecol 1993;19:145–151.
Kavoussi LR, Sosa E, Chandhoke P, et al. Complications of laparoscopic lymph node dissection. J Urol 1993;149:322–325.
Ouvry PA, Guenneguez H. Lymphatic complications from variceal surgery. Phlebologie 1993;46:563–568.
Proby CM, Gane JN, Joseph AE, et al. Investigation of the swollen limb with isotope lymphography. Br J Dermatol 1990;123:29–37.
Rijke AM, Croft BY, Johnson RA, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy and lymphedema of the lower limb. J Nucl Med 1990;31:990–998.
Kleinhans E, Baumeister RGH, Hahn D, et al. Evaluation of transport kinetics in lymphoscintigraphy: Follow-up study in patients with transplanted lymphatic vessels. Eur J Nucl Med 1985;10:349–352.
Cambria RA, Gloviczki P, Naessens JM, et al. Noninyasive evaluation of the lymphatic system with lymphoscintigraphy. J Vasc Surg 1993;18:773–782.
Ter SE, Alavi A, Kim CK, et al. Lymphoscintigraphy: A reliable test for the diagnosis of lymphedema. Clin Nucl Med 1993;18:646–654.
Stewart G, Guant JI, Croft DN, et al. Isotope lymphography: A new method of investigating the role of the lymphatics in chronic limb oedema. Br J Surg 1985;72:906–909.
Doldi SB, Lattuada E, Zappa MA, et al. Ultrasonography of extremity lymphedema. Lymphology 1992;25:129–133.
Vaughan BF. CT of swollen legs. Clin Radiol 1990;41:24–30.
Case TC, Witte CL, Witte MH, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in human lymphedema: Comparison with lymphoscintigraphy. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992;10:549–558.
Duewell S, Hagspiel KD, Zuber J, et al. Swollen lower extremity: Role of MR imaging. Radiology 1992;184:227–231.
Haaverstad R, Nilsen G, Myhre HO, et al. The use of MRI in the investigation of leg oedema. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992;6:124–129.
Wolfe JH. The management of lymphedema. In Rutherford RB, ed. Vascular Surgery, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders.
Wolfe JH. Indications for surgery of lymphedema. In Goonholgh R, ed. Indications in Vascular Surgery. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988.
Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. Aust J Dermatol 1992;33:69–74.
Bertelli G, Venturini M, Forno G, et al. An analysis of prognostic factors in response to conservative treatment of postmastectomy lymphedema. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;175:455–460.
Pappas CJ, O'Donnell TF Jr. Long-term results of compression treatment for lymphedema. J Vasc Surg 1992;16:555–562.
Pecking A. Treatment of postoperative lymphoedema of the upper limb. Bull Cancer Paris 1991;78:373–377.
Baulieu F, Baulieu JL, Vaillant L, et al. Factorial analysis in radionuclide lymphography: Assessment of the effects of pneumatic compression. Lymphology 1989;22:178–185.
Palmer A, Machiaverna J, Braun A, et al. Compression therapy of limb edema using hydrostatic pressure of mercury. Angiology 1991;42:533–542.
Casley-Smith JR, Wang CT, Casley-Smith JR, et al. Treatment of filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin). BMJ 1993;307:1037–1041.
Jamal S, Casley-Smith JR, Casely-Smith JR. The effect of 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone (coumarin) and DEC on filaritic lymphedema and elephantiasis in India. Preliminary results. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1989;83:287–290.
Casley-Smith JR, Morgan RG, Piller NB. Treatment of lymphedema of the arms and legs with 5,6-benzo-alpha-pyrone. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1158–1163.
Nagata Y, Murata R, Mitsumori M, et al. Intraarterial infusion of autologous lymphocytes for the treatment of refractory lymphoedema. Preliminary report. Eur J Surg 1994;160:105–109.
Piller NB, Morgan RG, Casley-Smith JR. A double blind cross-over trial of O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (benzo-pyrones) in the treatment of lymphoedema of the arms and legs. Br J Plast Surg 1988;41:20–27.
Fyfe NC, Rutt DL, Edwards JM, et al. Intralymphatic steroid therapy for lymphoedema. Lymphology 1982;15:23–28.
Jimenez CJA, Magallon OP, Valient DR. Therapeutic action of Hidrosmin in chronic lymphedema. Angiology 1991;43:93–97.
Casley-Smith JR, Casley-Smith JR. Effects of various combinations of complex physical therapy, benzopyrones and mercury compression on lymphoedema: Which combination works best? In Cluzan RV, ed. Progress in Lymphology XIII. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992, pp 537–538.
Dellon AL, Hoopes JE. The Charles procedure for primary lymphedema: Long-term results. Plast Reconstr Surg 1977;60:589–595.
Dandapat MC, Mohapatro SK, Mohanty SS. Filarial lymphoedema and elephantiasis of lower limb. Br J Surg 1986;73:451–453.
Miller TA. Charles procedure for lymphedema: A warning. Am J Surg 1980;139:290–292.
Thompson N, Wee JTK. Twenty years experience of the buried dermis flap operation in the treatment of chronic lymphoedema of the extremities. Chir Plast (Berl) 1980;5:147–161.
Kinmonth JB, Patrick JH, Chilvers AS. Comments on operations for lower limb lymphedema. Lymphology 1975;5:56–61.
Nielubowicz J, Olszewski W, Muszynski M, et al. Late results of lymphovenous anastomosis. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1973;14:113–120.
Huang GK, Hu RQ, Liu ZZ, et al. Microlymphaticovenous anastomosis in the treatment of lower limb obstructive lymphedema: Analysis of 91 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 1985;76:671–685.
O'Brien B, McShafiroff BB. Microlymphaticovenous and resectional surgery in obstructive-lymphoedema. World J Surg 1979;3:3–15.
Hurst PAE, Stewart G, Kinmonth JB, et al. Long-term results of the enteromesenteric bridge operation in the treatment of primary lymphoedema. Br J Surg 1985;72:272–274.
Krylov VS, Milanov NO, Abalmasov KG, et al. Reconstructive microsurgery in treatment of lymphedema. Int Angiol 1985;4:171–175.
Kylov V, Milanov N, Abalmasov K. Microlymphatic surgery of secondary lymphoedema of the upper limb. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1982;71:77–79.
O'Brien BM, Mellow CG, Khazanchi RK, et al. Long-term results after microlymphaticovenous anastomosis for the treatment of obstructive lymphedema. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;85:562–572.
Baumeister RG, Siuda S. Treatment of lymphedema by microsurgical lymphatic grafting. Plast Reconstr Surg 1990;85:64–74.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
About this article
Cite this article
Hafez, H.M., Wolfe, J.H.N. Lymphedema. Annals of Vascular Surgery 10, 88–95 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02002347
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02002347