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Ergebnisse und Probleme bei der züchterischen Nutzung transgener Pflanzen

Results and problems in the use of transgenic plants for crop improvement

Реэультаты и нроблемы селекционного исиольэования трансгенных растений

  • N. I. Vavilov — Symposium Zum 100. Geburtstag Von N.I. Vavilov Gatersleben, 8.–10. Dezember 1987
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Zusammenfassung

Die vorwiegend bei Tabak, Petunie und Tomate gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die genetischen Eigenschaften transgener Pflanzen werden referiert und hinsichtlich ihrer Bedeutung für die pflanzenzüchterische Nutzung von Gentechnik und Gentransfer diskutiert. Die aus einem Transferexperiment hervorgehenden transgenen Pflanzen variieren hinsichtlich des Expressionsniveaus und der Transmissionsstabilität des transferierten Gens sowie als Folge von insertionsbedingten und spontanen („somaklonalen“) Mutationen. Die bei züchterischen Gentransferprogrammen angestrebte verbesserte Sorte (Linie, Klon) kann daher nur in einem Selektions- und Vermehrungsprozeß durch kombinierten Einsatz von molekulargenetischen und konventionell-züchterischen Prüfverfahren gewonnen werden. Die zweckmäßige Gestaltung dieses Prozesses hängt vom Reproduktionsmodus der betreffenden Pflanzenart, möglichen Kriterien zur Früherkennung des züchterischen Wertes sowie möglichen Pleiotropien und Genotypspezifitäten in der Wirkung des transferierten Gens ab.

Summary

Transgenic plants have been obtained by bothAgrobacterium-mediated and direct gene transfer methods in tobacco, petunia, tomato, and very recently also in other plant species. In this review we summarize the results of molecular and genetical analyses of transgenic plants and discuss their implications with the use of recombinant DNA technology for crop improvement.

These results indicate that by the methods presently available it is possible to insert a foreign gene into the plant genome in a highly stable and fully functional form without altering other characters of this plant variety. However, this ideal type of a transgenic plant has to be selected from a large number of less favourable transfer products. The transgenic individuals generated in a single transfer experiment vary with respect to the number, structure and chromosomal localization of the gene copies integrated, and consequently differ in the expression and stability of the foreign gene. Moreover, their genotype may have been changed by insertional and spontaneous (“somaclonal”) mutations. Whether or not a foreign gene is capable of improving a given variety, can therefore only be decided by testing a series of transgenic lines. These tests obviously cannot be confined to screening the primary transgenic plants for high expression level. It is necessary to propagate several of the selected plants, to establish homozygous transgenic lines and to evaluate the agronomic performance of these lines in field trials. Since the transgenic individuals can be identified by biochemical tests, it will generally not be difficult to recover the homozygous lines, although this procedure sometimes may be complicated by the presence of functional gene copies at more than one locus. In principle, it would also be necessary to see whether the foreign gene is transmitted to progeny with the high degree of meiotic stability required for commercial varieties. However, assessment of the genetic stability depends on an easily detectable phenotype and therefore will in most cases be extremely difficult.

We discuss several factors that may influence the selection of the desired transgenic variety or may limit its agronomic value, e.g. deleterious pleiotropic effects of the transferred gene, modifications of the gene effect by the recipient genotype, and effects of marker genes co-transferred with the desired gene.

Краткое содержание

Реферируются знания, достигнутые преимушественно для табака, петунии и номидор, о генетических свойствах трансгенных растений и обсуждается их значение для селекционного использование в генной инженерии и передаче генов. Трансгенные растения, полученные в эксперименте по переносу, иэменяются относительно уровня зкспрессии и стабильностн трансмиссии переносимых генов, а также, как следствие, обусловленные вщивками и спонтанные («сомаклональные») мутации. Улучшение сорта (линии, клона), являющееся целью селекционных программ по передаче генов, можно, следовательно, получить лишь в процессе селекции и раэмножения путем комбинированного использования молекулярно-генет ических и общепринятых сслекционных методик испытания. Целесообразное оформление этого процесса зависит от способа воспроизведения данного растительного вида, возможных критериев по раннему распознованию селекционной ценности, а также от возоожных плейотропий и специфичности генотипа при действии переносимго гена.

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Müller, A.J., Mettin, D. Ergebnisse und Probleme bei der züchterischen Nutzung transgener Pflanzen. Die Kulturpflanze 36, 275–288 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01986965

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