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Bacteriekanker bij steenvruchten

I. Symptomen en ziekteverloop bij kers en pruim

With a summary: Bacterial canker of stone fruits

I. Symptoms and course of the disease in cherry and plum trees

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Samenvatting

De symptomen van bacteriekanker bij kerse- en pruimebomen in Nederland komen in hoofdzaak met de doorWormald en andere auteurs beschreven kenmerken overeen. Als de meest opvallende verschillen kunnen worden genoemd:

  1. 1e.

    In kersebomen zijn dikwijls vooral “okselkankers” sterk ontwikkeld. De gomproductie is soms zeer overvloedig en treedt gedurende nagenoeg het gehele jaar op. Het verwelken der bladeren wordt soms door een zeer vroege bladval gevolgd. Early Rivers en — hoewel in mindere mate — Meikers zijn de meest gevoelige rassen.

  2. 2e.

    Onder de pruimerassen blijkt vooral het ras Ontario zeer vatbaar; twijgsterfte is hier het meest in het oog lopende symptoom.

Het is niet zeer waarschijnlijk, dat onder alle klimatologische omstandigheden een duidelijk gescheiden winter- en zomerphase optreedt; geconstateerd werd, dat vele kankers ook in de zomer een onmiskenbare activiteit vertonen. Aangenomen wordt, dat de bacteriën, hoewel in gereduceerd aantal, in de kankers kunnen overblijven.

Bij inoculatie van de bladschijf kunnen de bacteriën veelal ook vóór de bladval uit de twijgen worden geïsoleerd. Een infectie van de twijgen in het najaar heeft dan ook wellicht via de stomata en het vaatsysteem in bladschijf en bladsteel plaats.

Summary

As in other countries, in the Netherlands bacterial canker of stone fruits, caused byPseudomonas mors-prunorum Wormald andPseudomonas syringae van Hall, can give rise to serious losses in cherry and plum orchards. Therefore, a study was made of the symptoms and the course of this disease, as it occurs in Holland.

Most symptoms as described in this article agree very well with those given in the literature byWormald and other authors. The main differences are the following:

  1. 1.

    In cherry trees crotch cankers prevailed and were often strongly developed. Gum production sometimes was very copious, and often occurred throughout the whole season. The wilting of the leaves in some cases was followed by a very early leaf fall in the beginning of September. Early Rivers, and to a lesser degree, Meikers were found the most susceptible varieties.

  2. 2.

    Among plum trees only the variety Ontario was very susceptible; in Holland in this variety dieback of twigs and young shoots appeared to be a more frequent symptom than branch or crotch cankers, contrary to what was found byWormald for plum varieties in general.

The presence of a distinct seasonal cycle of a winter canker phase and a summer leaf phase was not apparent under all climatological circumstances. Especially in wet summers cankers often could go on developing throughout the whole season; apparently, many individual cankers retained their activity for several consecutive years. Moreover, it was possible to isolate the bacteria from cankers up till August, although, especially after June, many such isolations were unsuccessful.

Artificial infection of the leaves without wounding had a positive result only if the inoculation had been done on the lower side of the leaf. Since inPrunus species the stomata are restricted to this side, apparently these are the main entrances for the infecting bacteria.

After inoculation of the bacteria in the leaf blades in 1954, it was possible to reisolate them 13 days later not only from the blades but also from petioles and twigs (Table I). On repeating this experiment in 1955 under extremely hot weather conditions with maximum temperatures up to 35°C the results, however, were negative. Thus, under certain conditions, it seems possible that the infection of the twigs in autumn takes places before leaf fall first via the stomata and then via the leaf vessels down to the twigs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Delft.

    A. Fuchs

  2. Instituut voor Plantenziektenkundig Onderzoek, Wageningen

    J. Grosjean & Mej J. M. Krythe

  3. Bureau Openbare Gezondheidszorg, Paramaribo, Suriname

    Th. W. Reijenga

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  1. A. Fuchs
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  2. J. Grosjean
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  3. Mej J. M. Krythe
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  4. Th. W. Reijenga
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Fuchs, A., Grosjean, J., Krythe, M.J.M. et al. Bacteriekanker bij steenvruchten. Tijdschrift Over Plantenziekten 63, 33–44 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980623

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