Abstract
The sleep patterns of two groups of children with autism, one with moderate to severe intellectual handicap, and one with mild handicap to normal IQ level, were compared with those of children without autism. Parents completed 14 day sleep diaries and questionnaires. Results suggested that at some stage during childhood, particularly under 8 years of age, the majority of children with autism will experience sleep problems. These problems are likely to be severe in many cases and will generally include one or more of: extreme sleep latencies; lengthy periods of night waking; shortened night sleep; and early morning waking. Such problems may have some specificity for autism as they appear to be rare in non-handicapped children and in children with mild degrees of intellectual handicap. It is likely that sleep problems in early childhood are related to the severe social difficulties present in autism and the consequent inability of these children to use social cues to synchronise their sleep/wake cycle. Continued sleep difficulties at older ages and with higher IQ may also be related to arousal and anxiety factors.
Résumé
On a comparé les cycles veille-sommeil de deux groupes d'enfants autistes, l'un avec des handicaps intellectuels de modérés à sévères et l'autre avec des handicaps de léger à un QI normal, avec d'enfants non-autistes. Les parents ont tenu des relevés quotidiens et des questionnaires sur 14 jours de sommeil. Les résultats ont suggéré qu'à certaines périodes de l'enfance, surtout à l'âge de 8 ans, la majorité des enfants autistes souffrent des troubles de sommeil. Ces troubles apparaissent sévères dam de nombreux cas et sont faits le plus souvent d'un ou plusieurs troubles tels que: latences extrêmes du sommeil; périodes de réveils nocturnes prolongées; sommeil nocturne plus bref et réveil matinal très tôt; de tels problèmes peuvent être particuliers à l'autisme, parce qu'ils semblent être rares chez les enfants non-handicapés et chez les enfants avec des handicaps intellectuels légers. Les troubles du sommeil qui apparaissent tôt dans l'enfance sont probablement liés aux difficultés sociales sévères qu'on trouve dans l'autisme et à l'incapacité consécutive de ces enfants à utiliser les signaux sociaux afin de synchroniser leurs cycles veille-sommeil. Les troubles du sommeil continus chez les plus âgés et avec un QI plus élevé peuvent aussi être liés à des facteurs de vigilance et d'anxiété.
Zusammenfassung
Die Schlafmuster zweier Gruppen von Kindern mit Autismus wurden verglichen mit den Mustern von Kindern ohne Autismus. Die eine Gruppe mit Autismus umfaßte Kinder mit mäßiger bis hin zu schwerer intellektueller Beeinträchtigung, die andere hingegen Kinder mit leichter intellektueller Beeinträchtigung oder einem IQ im Durchschnittsbereich. Die Eltern füllten Schlaftagebücher und Fragebögen über einen Zeitraum von 14 Tagen aus. Die Ergebnisse legen nahe, daß die Mehrzahl der Kinder mit Autismus in irgendeiner Entwicklungsphase während der Kindheit (besonders im Altersbereich von unter 8 Jahren) Schlafstörungen aufweisen. Diese Schlafstörungen sind in vielen Fällen schwerwiegend und umfassen in der Regel eines oder mehrere der folgenden Merkmale: extreme Schlaflatenzen, lang anhaltende Wachperioden, verkürzter Nachtschlaf und frühes morgendliches Erwachen. Solche Störungen könnten in gewisser Weise spezifisch für Autismus sein, da sie nur selten bei nicht-behinderten Kindern bzw. bei Kindern mit leichten intellektuellen Beeinträchtigungen vorzukommen scheinen. Es erscheint wahrscheinlich, daß Schlafstörungen in der frühen Kindheit im Zusammenhang mit den schwerwiegenden sozialen Auffälligkeiten stehen, die beim Autismus vorkommen und mit der Unfähigkeit dieser Kinder, sich bei der Synchronisation ihres Schlaf-Wachzyklus an Hinweisen aus ihrem sozialen Umfeld zu orientieren. Fortbestehende Schlafstörungen bei älteren Individuen, die zugleich einen höheren IQ haben, können auch auf Angst- bzw. Erregungsfaktoren zurückgeführt werden.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aschoff, J., Fatranská, M., Giedke, H., Doerr, P., Stamm, D. & Wisser, H. (1971). Human circadian rhythms in continuous darkness: Entrainment by social cues.Science, 171, 213–215.
Bartak, L. & Rutter, M. (1976). Differences between mentally retarded and normally intelligent autistic children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 109–120.
Clements, J., Wing, L. & Dunn, G. (1986). Sleep problems in handicapped children: A preliminary study.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 399–407.
Courchesne, E. (1991). Neuroanatomic imaging in autism.Pediatrics, 87, 781–790. Supplement omitted.
Czeisler, C.A., Kronauer, R.E., Mooney, J.J., Anderson, J.L. & Allan, J.S. (1987). Biologic rhythm disorders, depression, and phototherapy. A new hypothesis.Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 10, 687–709.
Ehlers, C.L., Frank, E. & Kupfer, D.J. (1988). Social Zeitgebers and biological rhythms.Archives of General Psychiatry, 45, 948–952.
Epstein, R., Pillar, D., Tzichinsky, O., Herer, P. & Lavie, P. (1992). Sleep disturbances in children with Down syndrome.Journal of Sleep Research, 1, Suppl. 1, 68.
Fein, D., Pennington, B., & Waterhouse, L. (1987). Implications of social deficits in autism for neurological dysfunction. In E. Schopler, and G. B. Mesibov (Eds.)Neurobiological Issues in Autism (pp. 127–144). New York: Plenum Press.
Ferber, R. (1987). The sleepless child. In C. Guilleminault (Ed.)Sleep and Its Disorders in Children. (pp. 141–163). New York: Raven Press.
Ferber, R. & Boyle, M.P. (1986). Six year experience of a pediatric sleep disorders center.Sleep Research, 15, 120.
Fisher, B.E., Pauley, C. & McGuire, K. (1989). Children's sleep behavior scale — normative data on 870 children in grade 1 to grade 6.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 68, 227–236.
Fukuma, E., Umezawa, V., Kobayash, K., & Motoike, M. (1974). Polygraphic study on the nocturnal sleep of children with Down syndrome and endogenous mental retardation.Folia Psychiatrica et Neurologica Japonica, 28, 333–345.
Gillberg, C. (1989). Early symptoms in autism. In C. Gillberg (Ed.)Diagnosis and Treatment of Autism (pp. 23–32). New York: Plenum Press.
Görtelmeyer, R. (1985). On the development of a standardized sleep inventory for the assessment of sleep. In St. Kubicki and W.M. Herman (Eds.)Methods of Sleep Research (pp. 93–98). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Grubar, J-C. (1983). Sleep and mental deficiency.Reviews Electroencephalogr. Neurophysiol. Clin., 13, 107–114.
Hoshino, Y., Yokoyama, F., Watanabe, M., Murata, S., Kaneko, M. & Kumashiro, H. (1987). The diurnal variation and response to dexamethasone suppression test of saliva cortisol level in autistic children.The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology, 41, 228–235.
Inamura, K. (1984). Sleep-wake patterns in autistic children.Japan Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25, 205–217 (in Japanese).
Jensen, J.B., Realmuto, G.M. & Garfinkel, B.D. (1985). The dexamethasone suppression test in infantile autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 263–265.
Klackenberg, G. (1971). A prospective longitudinal study of children. Further studies of sleep behavior in a longitudinal followed-up sample.Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, Suppl. 224, 161–185.
Klackenberg, G. (1982). Sleep behavior studied longitudinally: Data from 4–16 years on duration, night awakening and bed sharing.Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 71, 501–506.
Kleitman, N. (1963).Sleep and Wakefulness. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Morgan, K. (1987).Sleep and Aging. London: Croom Helm.
Okawa, M. & Sasaki, H. (1987). Sleep disorders in mentally retarded and brain-impaired children. In C. Guilleminault (Ed.)Sleep and Its Disorders in Children (pp. 269–290). New York: Raven Press.
Ornitz, E.M. (1972). Development of sleep patterns in autistic children. In C.D. Clemente, D.P. Purpura, and F.E. Mayer (Eds.)Sleep and the Maturing Nervous System. (pp. 364–383). New York: Academic Press.
Ornitz, E.M. (1985). Neurophysiology of infantile autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 251–262.
Ornitz, E.M., Ritvo, E.R. & Walter, R.D. (1965). Dreaming sleep in autistic and schizophrenic children.American Journal of Psychiatry, 22, 419–424.
Ott, H., Bischoff, R.C., Oswald, L., Adam, K., Fichte, K., Heidrich, H., Kubicki, St. & Stephen, K. (1985). Review of sleep induction and hangover effects with visual analogue scales. In St. Kubicki, and W.M. Herrman (Eds.)Methods of Sleep Research. (pp. 75–91). Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag.
Petre-Quadens, O. (1972). Sleep in mental retardation. In C.D. Clemente, D.P. Purpura, and F.E. Mayer (Eds.)Sleep and the Maturing Nervous System (pp. 383–417). New York: Academic Press.
Piazza, C.C., Fisher, W., Kiesewetter, K., Bowman, L. & Moser, H. (1990). Aberrant sleep patterns in children with the Rett Syndrome.Brain and Development, 12, 488–493.
Prior, M.R. (1979). Cognitive abilities and disabilities in infantile autism: A review.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 7, 357–380.
Prior, M.R. (1987). Biological and neuropsychological approaches to childhood autism.The British Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 8–17.
Richdale, A.L. & Prior, M.R. (1992). Urinary cortisol circadian rhythm in a group of high-functioning children with autism.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 22, 433–447.
Richman, N. (1987). Surveys of sleep disorders in children in a general population. In C. Guilleminault (Ed.)Sleep and Its Disorders in Children (pp. 115–127). New York: Raven Press.
Segawa, M. (1985). Circadian rhythm in early infantile autism.Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo, 29, 140–153 (in Japanese).
Stores, G. (1992). Annotation: Sleep studies in children with a mental handicap.Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 33, 1303–1317.
Tanguay, P.E., Ornitz, E.M., Forsythe, A.B. & Ritvo, E.R. (1976). Rapid eye movement (REM) activity in normal and autistic children during REM sleep.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizophrenia, 6, 275–288.
Volkmar, F.R. & Cohen, D.J. (1985). The experience of infantile autism: A first person account by Tony W.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 15, 47–54.
Wagner, D.R. (1991). Sleep and arousal disorders. In N. Rosenberg (Ed.)Comprehensive Neurology (pp. 731–777). New York: Raven Press.
Wever, R.A. (1988). Order and disorder in human circadian rhythmicity: Possible relations to mental disorders. In D.J. Kupfer, T.H. Monk, and J.D. Barchas (Eds.)Biological Rhythms and Mental Disorders (pp. 253–346). New York: The Guilford Press.
White, B.B. & White, M.S. (1987). Autism from the inside.Medical Hypotheses, 24, 223–230.
Wing, L. (1976).Early Childhood Autism (2nd ed.). Oxford: Permagon Press.
Wing, L. (1981). Language, social and cognitive impairments in autism and severe mental retardation.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 11, 31–44.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Richdale, A.L., Prior, M.R. The sleep/wake rhythm in children with autism. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 4, 175–186 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980456
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01980456