Abstract
Effectiveness of benzimidazole fungicides in controllingVerticillium disease of the commercial mushroom,Agaricus bisporus, was closely correlated with the differential in vitro activity. Thiophanatemethyl was an exception as greater disease control was achieved than expected from its in vitro activity.
About one year after clearange for use of benzimidazole fungicides in mushroom growing, resistance inV. fungicola (Preuss) Hassebr. (syn.V. malthousei Ware) appeared on Dutch farms. In vitro, tests were made to determine the degree of resistance of two isolates, R1 and R2, obtained from diseased sporocarps from benomyl-sprayed crops. Mycelial growth of R2 was considerably less inhibited by MBC-fungicides than that of R1. In vivo, R1 was more pathogenic to mushrooms than a freshly made benomyl-sensitive isolate. Both benomyl-resistant isolates were cross-resistant to other MBC-fungicides and to thiabendazole and cypendazole. Likewise, two new experimental fungicides, imazalil and vinchlozolin, did not provide promising alternatives. When appearance of resistance inV. fungicola is suspected on mushroom farms, additional emphasis should be laid on farm hygiene to achieve disease control.
Samenvatting
De mate, waarinV. fungicola in de champignonteelt door verschillende benzimidazool-fungiciden wordt bestreden, is gecorreleerd met de remmende werking op de myceliumgroei in vitro. Thiofanaat-methyl vormt daarop een uitzondering. De ziekte werd door dit fungicide beter bestreden dan op grond van de remming van de myceliumgroei kon worden verwacht.
Ongeveer een jaar na de toelating van benzimidazoolfungiciden in de champignonteelt trad in de praktijk resistentie inV. fungicola op. Al in 1973 hadden Amerikaanse onderzoekers (Wuest et al., 1974) resistentie gevonden in een isolaat van deze schimmel. Dit isolaat bleek echter niet pathogeen voor de champignon te zijn.
De mate van resistentie van twee isolaten, afkomstig van zieke champignons van bedrijven waar toepassing van benomyl geen bestrijding van de ziekte tengevolge had, bleek zeer ongelijk (Fig. 2). In inoculatieproeven bleek het matig resistente isolaat zeer pathogeen. Ook in een fungicidevrije teelt was de aantasting na inoculatie met dit isolaat groter dan na inoculatie met een pas geïsoleerd benomyl-gevoelig isolaat (Fig. 3).
De beide benomyl-resistente isolaten waren eveneens resistent tegen andere MBC-fungiciden en tegen thiabendazool en cypendazool. Twee nieuwe experimentele fungiciden boden evenmin een veelbelovend alternatief. Daarom zal in de bestrijding van droge mollen, met name waar men resistantie vermoedt, het accent moeten blijven liggen op de hygiëne.
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Bollen, G.J., Van Zaayen, A. Resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in pathogenic strains of Verticillium fungicola. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 81, 157–167 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01976327
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01976327