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International dispersal of insects and insect-borne viruses

Internatonale verspreiding van insekten en van virussen die door insekten worden overgebracht

  • Dispersal of Diseases and Pests
  • Published:
Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Insects can travel, by a single flight, over distances ranging from a few metres to more than 3000 km. The distances and directions flown by long-distance migrants are determined mainly by the duration of active light and the speed and direction of wind, within synoptic weather systems. This is illustrated by back-tracks of wind trajectories associated with the arrival of immigrant insects into Britain from Scandinavia, possibly east Russia, Germany, Morocco, the Azores, Spain and the U.S.A. The long-distance movements of aphids are discussed in the light of records and laboratory and field work on flight and aerial distribution. Difficulties of associating the international spread of insect-borne viruses with movements of vectors are discussed.

As an example of another type of migrant, the Colorado beetle is contrasted with aphids and illustrates some unsolved problems of insect migration especially the relation of prolonged flight duration to sexual development. A hypothesis for the Colorado beetle in general line with recent work on migration is suggested.

The spread of some old pests and diseases in Europe and the possibility of new ones are mentioned, and a system of sampling that might monitor them is described.

Samenvatting

Insekten kunnen zich in een niet onderbroken vlucht over afstanden van meer dan 3000 km verplaatsen. De afstand en de richting van de lange-afstandvliegers worden hoofdzakelijk door de duur van de actieve vlucht en de snelheid en de richting van de wind bepaald. Dit wordt duidelijk gemaakt aan het verband tussen het binnenvliegen van insekten in Engeland vanuit Scandinavië en misschien ook vanuit Oost-Rusland, Duitsland, Marokko, de Azoren, Spanje en de Verenigde Staten van Noord-Amerika en de in de bewuste periodes heersende wind.

De lange-afstandsverplaatsingen van bladluizen worden besproken in het licht van waarnemingen elders en van laboratorium- en veldwerk over de vlucht en de Verspreiding in de lucht. Moeilijkheden om de internationale verspreiding van door insekten overgebrachte virussen met de verplaatsing van de overbrengers te correleren, worden besproken.

Als voorbeeld van een ander type migrerend insekt wordt de Coloradokever tegenover de bladluizen gesteld. De Coloradokever werpt enkele onopgeloste problemen van insektenmigratie op, in het bijzonder het verband tussen een langdurige vlucht en de geslachtelijke ontwikkeling. Er wordt voor de Coloradokever een hypothese opgesteld in verband met het huidige werk over migratie.

Tenslotte wordt de verspreiding van enkele oude ziekten en plagen in Europa vermeld en de mogelijkheid van het optreden van nieuwe. Er wordt een bemonsteringssysteem beschreven, dat hiertegen tijdig zou kunnen waarschuwen.

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  1. Rothernsted Experimental Station, Harpenden, Herts, England

    C. G. Johnson

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Johnson, C.G. International dispersal of insects and insect-borne viruses. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 73 (Suppl 1), 21–43 (1967). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01974421

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