Abbreviations
- IFN:
-
interferon
- RSV:
-
respiratory syncitial virus
References
Agah R, Cherry JD, Garakian AJ, Chapin M (1987) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection rate in personnel caring for children with RSV infections. Am J Dis Child 141:695–697
Aherne W, Bird T, Court SDM, Gardner PS, McQuillin J (1970) Pathological changes in virus infections of the lower respiratory tract in children. J Clin Pathol 23:7–18
Ana PP, Arrobio JO, Kim HW, Brandt CD, Chanock RM, Parrot RH (1970) Serum complement in acute bronchiolitis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 134:499–503
Anderson LJ, Hierholzer JC, Tsou C, Hendry RM, Fernie BF, Stone Y, McKintosh K (1985) Antigenic characterisation of respiratory syncitial virus strains with monoclonal antibodies. J Infect Dis 151:626–633
Bangham CRM, McMichael AJ (1986) Specific human cytotoxic T cells recognize B-cell lines persistently infected with respiratory syncitial virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:9183–9187
Barry W, Cockburn F, Cornall R, Price JF, Sutherland G, Vardag A (1986) Ribavirin aerosol for acute bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 61:593–597
Belshe RB, Van Voris LP, Mufson MA (1982) Parenteral administration of live respiratory syncitial virus vaccine: results of a field trial. J Infect Dis 145:311–319
Berman MA, Sandboug CI, Calabia BS, Andrews BS, Friou GJ (1987) Interleukin-1 inhibitor masks high interleukin-1 production in acquired immunodeficiency syndrom (AIDS). Clin Immunol Immunopathol 42:133–140
Brandt CD, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Jeffries BC, Wood SC, Chanock RM, Parrott RH (1973) Epidemiology of respiratory syncitial virus infections in Washington DC III. Composite analysis of eleven consecutive yearly epidemics. Am J Epidemiol 98:355–364
Bruhn FW, Yeager AS (1977) Respiratory syncitial virus in early infancy. Am J Dis Child 131:145–148
Bruhn FW, Mokrolisky MD, McIntosh K (1977) Apnoea associated with respiratory syncitial virus infection in young infants. J Pediatr 90:382–386
Bryson YJ, Winter HS, Gard SE, Fischer TJ, Stiehm RE (1980) Deficiency of immune IFN production by leukocytes of normal newborns. Cell Immunol 55:191–200
Bui RHD, Molinaro GA, Kettering JD, Heiner DC, Imagawa DT, St Gene JW (1987) Virus specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies in serum of children infected with respiratory syncitial virus. J Pediatr 110:87–90
Burchett SK, Weaver WW, Westall JA (1988) Regulation of TNF and IL1 secretion in human mononuclear phagocytes. J Immunol 140:3473–3481
Cannon MJ, Openshaw PJ, Askonas BA (1988) Cytotoxic T cells clear virus but augment living pathology in mice infected with respiratory syncitial virus. J Exp Med 168:1163–1169
Carlsen KH, Orstavik I, Leegaard J, Hoeg H (1984) Respiratory virus infections and aeroallergens in acute bronchial asthma. Arch Dis Child 59:310–315
Carlsen KH, Larsen S, Bjerve O, Leegaard J (1987) Acute bronchiolitis: predisposing factors and characterisation of infants at risk. Pediatr Pulmonol 3:153–160
Chanock RM, Kapikian AZ, Mills J, Kim HW, Parrott RH (1970) Influence of immunological factors in respiratory syncitial virus disease of the lower respiratory tract. Arch Environ Health 21:347–355
Chao RX, Fishaut M, Schwartzman JD, McIntosh K (1979) An enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA) for detection of respiratory syncitial virus in human nasal secretions. J Infect Dis 139:4830486
Chiba Y, Higashidate Y, Suga K, Tsutsumi H, Ogra PL (1989) Development of cell mediated cytotoxic immunity to respiratory syncitial virus in human infants following naturally acquired infection. J Med Virol 28:133–139
Chonmaitree T, Roberts NJ, Douglas RG, Hall CB, Simons RL (1981) Interferon production by human mononuclear leukocytes. Differences between respiratory syncitial virus and influenza viruses. Infect Immun 32:300–303
Chonmaitree T, Bessette-Henderson BJ, Hepler RE, Lucia HL (1987) Comparison of three rapid diagnostic techniques for detection of respiratory syncytial virus from nasal wash specimens. J Clin Microbiol 25:746–747
Church WR, Anas NG, Hall CB, Brooks JG (1984) Respiratory syncitial virus related apnoea in infants. Am J Dis Child 138:247–250
Committee on Infectious Diseases (1987) Ribavirin therapy of respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatrics 79:475–478
Connolly JH, Field CMB, Glasgow JFT, Slattery CM, Maclynn DM (1969) A double blind trial of prednisolone in epidemic bronchiolitis due to respiratory syncitial virus. Acta Paediatr Scand 58:116
Conrad DA, Christenson JC, Waner JL, Marks MI (1987) Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants hospitalized during an epidemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:152–158
Deuschl H, Johansson SGO (1974) Immunoglobulins in tracheo-bronchial secretion with special reference to IgE. Clin Exp Immunol 16:401–412
Domurat F, Roberts NJ, Walsh EE, Dagan R (1985) Respiratory syncitial virus infection of human mononuclear leucocytes in-vitro and in-vivo. J Infect Dis 152:895–902
Duiverman EJ, Neijens HJ, Van Strik R, Affourtit MJ, Kerrebijn KF (1987) Lung function and bronchial responsiveness in children who had infantile bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 3:38–44
Edwards KM, Snyder PA, Wright PF (1986) Complement activation by respiratory syncitial virus infected cells. Arch Virol 88:49–56
Elarge N, Prince G, Murphy B, Ventiatesan S, Chanock R, Moss B (1986) Resistance to human respiratory syncitial virus infection induced by cotton rats with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the RSV G. glycoprotein. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 83:1906–1910
Englund JA, Piedra PA, Jefferson LS, Wilson SZ, Taber LH, Gilbert BE (1990) High-dose, short-duration ribavirin aerosol therapy in children with suspected respiratory syncytial virus infection. J Pediatr 117:313–320
Fackler JC, Flannery K, Zipkis M, McIntosh K (1990) Precautions in the use of ribavirin at the Children's Hospital. N Engl J Med 322:634
Faden H, Ogra P (1986) Neutrophils and antiviral defense. Paediatr Infect Dis 5:1:86–93
Faden H, Kaul TN, Ogra PL (1983) Activation of oxidative and arachidonic acid metabolism in neutrophiles by respiratory syncitial virus antibody complexes: possible role in disease. J Infect Dis 148:110–116
Faden HS, Kaul TN, Lin TY, Ogra PL (1984) Activation and mucosal Migration of polymorphoneuclear leukocytes during respiratory syncitial virus infection. Pediatr Res 18:274A
Fantone JC, Feltner DE, Brieland JK, Ward PA (1987) Phagocytic cell-derived inflammatory mediators and lung disease. Chest 91:428–435
Fernald GW, Almond JR, Henderson F (1983) Cellular and humoral immunity in recurrent respiratory syncitial virus infections. Pediatr Res 17:753–758
Fernandez H, Banks G, Smith R (1986) Ribavirin: a clinical overview. Eur J Epidemiol 2:1–14
Fields BM, Knipe DM (eds) (1990) Fields virology, 2nd ed. Raven Press, New York, USA
Finger R, Anderson LJ, Dicher RC, Harrison B, Doan R, Downing A, Corey L (1987) Epidemic infection caused by RSV in institutionalised young adults. J Infect Dis 155:1335–1339
Fishaut M, Tubergen D, McIntosh K (1980) Cellular response to respiratory viruses with particular reference to children with disorders of cell mediated immunity. J Pediatr 96:179–186
Frankel LR, Lewiston NJ, Smith DW, Stevenson DK (1986) Clinical observations on mechanical ventilation for respiratory failure in bronchiolitis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2:307–311
Fransen H, Sterner G, Forsgren M, Heigl Z, Wolontis S, Svedmyr A, Tunevall G (1967) Acute lower respiratory illness in elderly patients with respiratory syncitial virus infection. Acta Med Scand 182:323–330
Fulginiti VA, Eller JJ, Sieber OF, Joyner JW, Minamitani M, Meiklejohn G (1969) Respiratory virus immunisation. Am J Epidemiol 89:435–448
Gala CL, Hall CB, Schnabel KC, Pincus PH, Blossom P, Hildreth SW, Bretts RF, Douglas RG (1986) The use of eye-nose goggles to control nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection. JAMA 256:2706–2708
Gardner PS (1977) How etiological, pathological and clinical diagnoses can be made in a correlated fashion. Pediatr Res 11:254–261
Gardner PS, McQuillin J (1968) Application of immunofluoresent antibody technique in rapid diagnosis of respiratory syncitial virus infection. BMJ 3:340–343
Gardner PS, Stanfield JP, Wright AE, Court SDM, Green CD (1960) Viruses, bacteria and respiratory disease in children. BMJ 1:1077–1081
Gardner PS, McQuillin J, Court SDM (1970) Speculation on pathogenesis in death from respiratory syncitial virus infections. BMJ 1:327–330
Gardner PS, McGuchin R, Beale AJ, Fernandes R (1970) Interferon and respiratory syncitial virus. Lancet I:574–575
Gardner PS, Court SDM, Brocklebank JT, Doenham MAPS, Weightman D (1973) Virus cross infection in paediatric wards. BMJ 2:571–575
Gershwin CJ, Giri SW, Stewart RS (1989) Prostaglandin and thromboxane concentrations in plasma and lung lavage fluids during sequential infection of vaccinated and non-vaccinated calves with bovine respiratory syncitial virus. Am J Vet Res 50:1254–1262
Gimenez HB, Keir HM, Cash P (1989) In-vitro enhancement of respiratory syncitial virus infection of U937 cells by human sera. J Gen Virol 70:89–96
Glezen WP, Parades A, Allison JE, Taber LH, Frank AL (1981) Risk of respiratory syncitial virus infection for infants from low income families in relationship to age, sex, ethnic group and maternal antibody level. J Pediatr 98:708–715
Glezen WP, Taber LH, Frank AL, Kasel JA (1986) Risk of primary infection and re-infection with respiratory syncitial virus. Am J Dis Child 40:543–546
Green M, Brayer AF, Schenkman KA, Wald ER (1989) Duration of hospitalisation in previously well infants with respiratory syncitial virus infection. J Pediatr Infect Dis 8:601–605
Groothuis JR, Woodin KA, Katz R, Robertson AD, McBride JT, Hall CB, McWilliams BC, Lauer BA (1990) Early ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in high-risk children. J Pediatr 117:792–798
Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr (1981) Modes of transmission of respiratory syncytial virus. J Pediatr 99:100–103
Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM, Messner MK (1975) Nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infections. N Engl J Med 293:1343–1346
Hall CB, Geiman JM, Biggar R, Kotok DI, Hogan PM, Douglas RG (1976) Respiratory syncitial virus infections within families. N Engl J Med 294:414–419
Hall CB, Douglas RG Jr, Geiman JM (1976) Respiratory syncytial virus: infections in infants: quantitation and duration of shedding. J Pediatr 89:11–15
Hall CB, Douglas RG, Simons RL, Geiman JM (1978) Interferon production in children with respiratory syncitial, influenza and parainfluenza virus infections. J Pediatr 93:28–32
Hall CB, Geiman JM, Douglas RG Jr (1978) Control of nosocomial respiratory syncytial viral infections. Pediatrics 62:728–731
Hall JW, Hall CB, Speers DM (1978) Respiratory syncitial virus infection in adults. Ann Int Med 88:203–205
Hall CB, Hall WJ, Speers DM (1979) Clinical physiological manifestions of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Am J Dis Child 133:798–802
Hall CB, Hopelman AE, Douglas RG, Geiman JM, Meagher MD (1979) Neonatal respiratory syncitial virus infections. N Engl J Med 300:393–396
Hall CB, Douglas RG, Simons RL (1981) Interferon production in adults with respiratory syncitial viral infection. Ann Intern Med 94:53–55
Hall CB, McBride JT, Walsh EE, Bell DM, Gala CL, Hildreth S, Ten Eyck LG, Hall WJ (1983) Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection. A randomized double-blind study. N Engl J Med 308:1443–1447
Hall CB, Hall WJ, Gala CL, MaGill FB, Leddy JP (1984) Long term prospective study in children after respiratory syncitial virus infection. J Pediatr 105:358–364
Hall CB, McBride JT, Gala CL, Hildreth SW, Schnabel KC (1985) Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. JAMA 254:3047–3051
Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE (1986) Respiratory syncitial virus infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med 315:77–81
Hall CB, Powell KR, Schnabel K, Gala CL, Pincus PH (1988) The risk of secondary bacterial infection in infants hospitalised with respiratory syncitial virus infection. J Paediatr 113:266–271
Hemming VG, Prince GA, Horswood RL, London WT, Murphy BR, Walsh EE, Fischer GW, Weissman LE, Baron PA, Chanock RM (1985) Studies of passive immunotherapy for infections of respiratory syncitial virus in the respiratory tract of a primate model. J Infect Dis 152:1083–1087
Hemming VG, Rodriquez W, Kim HW, Brandt CD, Parrott RH, Burch B, Prince GA, Baron PA, Fink RJ, Reaman G (1987) Intravenous immunoglobulin treatment of respiratory syncitial virus infections in infants and young children. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 31:1882–1886
Henderson FW, Clyde WA, Collier AM, Denny FW, Senior RJ, Sheaffer CI, Conley WG, Christian RM (1979) The etiologic and epidemiologic spectrum of bronchiolitis in pediatric practice. J Pediatr 95:183–190
Henderson FW, Collier AM, Clyde WA, Denny FW (1979) Respiratory syncitial virus infections, reinfections and immunity. N Engl J Med 300:530–534
Hendricks DA, Baradaran K, McIntosh K, Patterson JL (1987) Appearance of a soluable form of the G protein of respiratory syncitial virus in fluids of infected cells. J Gen Virol 68:1750–1714
Hendricks DA, McIntosh K, Patterson JL (1988) Further characterisation of the soluble form of the G glycoprotein of respiratory syncitial virus. J Virol 62:2228–2233
Hendry RM, Talis AL, Godfrey E, Anderson LJ, Fernie BF, McIntosh K (1986) Concurrent circulation of antigenically distinct strains of respiratory syncitial during community outbreaks. J Infect Dis 153:291–297
Henry R, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1983) Bronchiolitis (letter). Am J Dis Child 137:805
Henry RL, Hodges IGC, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1983) Respiratory problems 2 years after acute bronchiolitis in infancy. Arch Dis Child 58:713–716
Henry RL, Milner AD, Stokes GM (1983) Ineffectiveness of ipratropium bromide in acute bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 58:92506
Hogg JC, Williams J, Richardson JB, MacKlem PT, Thurlbeck WM (1970) Age as a factor in the distribution of lower airway conductance and in the pathologic anatomy of obstructive lung disease. N Engl J Med 282:1283–1287
Hornsleth A, Bech-Thomsen N, Friis B (1985) Detection by Elisa of IgG subclass-specific antibodies in primary respiratory syncitial virus infections. J Med Virol 16:321–328
Hornsleth A, Beck Thomson N, Friis B (1985) Detection of RS- virus IgG subclass specific antibodies: variations according to age in infants and small children and diagnostic value in RS virus infected small infants. J Med Virol 16:329–335
Hubble D, Osborn GR (1941) Acute bronchiolitis in children. BMJ 1:107–110
Hughes DM, Lesouef PN, Landau LI (1987) Effect of salbutamol on respiratory mechanics in bronchiolitis. Pediatr Res 22:83–86
Hughes JH, Mann DR, Hamparian VV (1988) Detection of respiratory syncytial virus in clinical specimens by viral culture, direct and indirect immunofluoresence and enzyme immunoassay. J Clin Microbiol 26:588–591
Infectious Diseases and Immunization Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society (1991) Ribavirin: is there a risk to hospital personnel? Can Med Assoc J 144:285–286
Isaacs D (1986) Production of interferon in respiratory syncitial virus bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 64:92–95
Isaacs D, Bangham CRM, McMichael AJ (1987) Cell mediated cytotoxic response to respiratory syncitial virus in infants with bronchiolitis. Lancet II:769–771
Isaacs D, Moxon ER, Harvey D, Kovar I, Madeley CR, Richardson RJ, Levin M, Whitelaw A, Modi N (1988) Ribavirin in respiratory syncytial virus infection. A double blind placebo controlled trial is needed. Arch Dis Child 63:986–990
Isaacs D, Taylor CJ, Ting A, McMichael AJ (1989) HLA class I antigens in severe RSV bronchiolitis. Tissue Antigens 34:210–212
Janai HK, Marks MI, Zaleska RN, Stutman HR (1990) Ribavirin: adverse drug reactions, 1986–1988. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:209–211
Kapikan AZ, Mitchell RH, Chanock RM, Shvedoff RA, Stewart CE (1969) An epidemiologic study of altered clinical reactivity to respiratory syncitial virus infection in children previously vaccinated with an inactivated RS virus vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 89:405–421
Kaul TN Welliver RC, Ogra PL (1982) Appearance of complement components and immunoglobulins on nasopharyngeal epithelial cells following naturally acquired infection with respiratory syncitial virus. J Med Virol 9:149–158
Kaul TN, Welliver RC, Faden HS (1984) Respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) specific immune complexes in nasopharyngeal secretions after natural infection with RSV. J Clin Lab Immunol 15:187–190
Kim HW, Canchola JG, Brandt CD, Pyles G, Chanock RM, Jensen K, Parrott RH (1969) Respiratory syncitial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic activated vaccine. Am J Epidemiol 89:422–434
Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Pyles G, Brandt CD, Camargo E, Chanock RM, Parrott RH (1971) Clinical and immunological response of infants and children to administration of low temperature adapted respiratory syncitial virus. Pediatrics 48:745–755
Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Brandt CD, Wright P, Hodes D, Chanock RM (1973) Safety and antigenicity of temperature sensitive (TS) mutant respiratory syncitial virus (RSV) in infant and children. Pediatrics 52:56–63
Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Brandt CD, Jeffries BC, Pyles G, Reid JL, Chanock RM, Parrott RH (1973) Epidemiology of respiratory syncitial virus infection in Washington DC. 1. Importance of the virus in different respiratory tract disease syndromes and temporal distribution of infection. Am J Epidemiol 98:216–255
Kim HW, Leikin SL, Arrobio J, Brandt CD, Chanock RM, Parrott RH (1976) Cell mediated immunity to respiratory syncitial virus induced by inactivated vaccine or by infection. Pediatr Res 10:75–78
Kimman TG, Straver PJ, Zimmer GM (1989) Pathogenesis of naturally acquired bovine respiratory syncitial virus in calves: morphological and serologic findings. Am J Vet Res 50:684–693
Kimman TG, Terpstra GH, Daha MR, Westenbrink F (1989) Pathogenesis of naturally acquired bovine respiratory syncitial virus in calves: Evidence for the involvement of complement and mast cell mediators. Am J Vet Res 50:694–700
Krilov LR, Hendry RM, Godfrey E, McIntosh K (1987) Respiratory virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes correlation with ageing of cells and interferon production in-vitro. J Gen Virol 68:1749–1753
Krilov LR, Anderson LJ, Marcoux L, Bonagura VR, Wedgwood JF (1989) Antibody mediated enhancement of respiratory syncitial virus infection in two monocyte/macrophage cell lines. J Infect Dis 160:777–782
Lebel MH, Gauthier M, Lacroix J, Rousseau E, Buithieu M (1989) Respiratory failure and mechanical ventilation in severe bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 64:1431–1437
Leclair JM, Freeman J, Sullivan BF, Crowley CM, Goldman DA (1987) Prevention of nosocomial respiratory syncitial virus infections through compliance with glove and gown isolation precautions. N Engl J Med 317:329–334
Leer JA, Green JL, Hemlich EM, Hyde JS, Moffet HL, Young GA, Barron BA (1969) Corticosteroid treatment in bronchiolitis. A controlled collaborative study in 272 infants and children. Am J Dis Child 117:495–503
Lewis DB, Larsen A, Wilson CB (1986) Reduced IFNγ mRNA production in human neonates. J Exp Med 163:1018–1023
MacDonald NE, Bresse Hall C, Suffin SC, Alexson C, Harris PJ, Manning JA (1982) Respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with congenital heart disease. N Engl J Med 307:397–400
Manca F, Habeshaw JA, Dalgleish AG (1990) HIV envelope glycoprotein, antigen specific T-cell responses, and soluable CD4. Lancet 335:811–815
Martin AJ, Gardner PS, McQuillin J (1978) Epidemiology of respiratory viral infection among paediatric inpatients over a six year period in North East England. Lancet II:1035–1038
Martinez FD, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Taussig LM (1988) Diminished lung function as a predisposing factor for wheezing respiratory illness in infants. N Engl J Med 319:1112–1117
McCarthy DO, Domurat FM, Nichols JF, Roberts NJ (1989) Interleukin-1 inhibitor production by human mononuclear leukocytes and leukocyte subpopulations exposed to respiratory syncitial virus. J Leukocyte Biol 46:189–198
McIntosh K (1978) Interferon in nasal secretions from infants with viral respiratory tract infections. J Pediatr 93:33–36
McIntosh K, Fishaut JM (1980) Immunopathologic mechanisms in lower respiratory tract disease of infants due to respiratory syncitial virus. Prog Med Virol 26:94–118
McIntosh K, Ellis EF, Hoffman LS, Lybass TG, Eller JJ (1973) The association of viral and bacterial respiratory infections with exacerbation of wheezing in young asthmatic children. J Pediatr 82:578–590
McIntosh K, McQuillin J, Gardner PS (1976) Cell free and cell bound antibody in nasal secretions from infants with respiratory syncitial virus infection. Infect Immun 23:276–281
McMillan JA, Tristram DA, Weiner LB, Higgins AP, Sandstrom C, Brandon R (1988) Prediction of the duration of hospitilization in patients with respiratory syncitial virus infection: use of clinical parameters. Pediatrics 81:22–26
Merrill WW, Naegel GP, Olchowski JJ, Reynolds HY (1985) Immunoglobulin G subclass proteins in serum and lavage fluid of normal subjects: quantification and comparison with immunoglobulins A and E. Am Rev Respir Dis 131:584–587
Midulla F, Huang YT, Gilbert IA, Cirino NM, McFadden ER, Panuska JR (1989) Respiratory syncitial virus infection of human cord and adult blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 140:771–777
Mills JV, Van Kirk JE, Wright PF, Chanock RM (1971) Experimental respiratory syncitial virus infection of adults. J Immunol 107:123–130
Milner AD, Murray M (1989) Acute bronchiolitis in infancy: treatment and prognosis. Thorax 44:1–5
Milner ME, Monte SM de la, Hutchins GM (1985) Fatal respiratory syncitial virus infection in severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. Am J Dis Child 139:1111–1114
Miyawaki T, Seki H, Taga K, Sato H, Taniguchi N (1985) Dissociated production of 1L-2 and IFNγ by PHA-stimulated lymphocytes in healthy infants. Clin Exp Immunol 59:505–511
Moetring JM, Forsyth BR (1971) The role of the interferon system in respiratory syncitial virus infection. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 138:1009–1014
Morell A, Skvaril F, Hitzig WH, Barandum S (1972) Ig Subclasses: Development of the serum concentrations in “normal” infants and children. J Pediatr 80:960–964
Morris JA, Blount RE, Savage RE (1956) Recovery of cytopathogenic agent from chimpanzees with coryza. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 92:544–549
Mufson MA, Orvell C, Rafnar B, Norbby E (1985) Two distinct subtypes of human respiratory syncitial virus. J Gen Virol 66:2111–2124
Mufson MA, Belshe RB, Orvell C, Norrby E (1987) Subgroup characteristics of respiratory syncitial virus strains recovered from children with two consecutive infections. J Clin Microbiol 25:1535–1539
Murphy B, Phelan PD, Jack I, Uren E (1980) Seasonal pattern of respiratory viral infection in children. Med J Aust 1:22–24
Murphy BR, Graham BS, Prince GA, Walsh EE, Chanock RM, Karzon DT, Wright PF (1986) Serum and nasal wash immunoglobulin G and A antibody response of infants and children to respiratory syncitial virus F and G glycoproteins following primary infections. J Clin Microbiol 23:1009–1014
Murphy BR, Prince GA, Walsh EE, Kim HW, Parrott RH, Hemming VG, Rodriquez WJ, Chanock RM (1986) Dissociation between serum neutralising and glycoprotein antibody responses of infants and children who received inactivated respiratory syncitial virus vaccine. J Clin Microbiol 24:197–202
Murphy BR, Alling DW, Snyder MH, Walsh EE, Prince GA, Chanock RM, Hemming VG, Rodriguez WJ, Kim HW, Graham BS (1986) Effect of age and pre existing antibody or serum antibody response of infants and children to the F and G glycoproteins during respiratory syncitial virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 24:894–898
Murphy BR, Olmsted RA, Collins PL, Chanock RM, Prince GA (1988) Passive transfer of respiratory syncitial virus antiserum suppresses the immune response to the RSV fusion (F) and large (G) glycoproteins expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. J Virol 62:3907–3910
Naegel GP, Young KR, Reynolds HY (1984) Receptors for human IgG subclasses on human alveolar macrophages. Am Rev Respir Dis 129:413–418
Neligan GA, Steiner H, Gardner PS, McQuillan J (1970) Respiratory syncitial virus infection of the newborn. BMJ 3:146–147
Ogilvie MM, Vathenen AS, Radford M, Codd J, Kay S (1981) Maternal antibody and respiratory syncitial virus infection in infancy. J Med Virol 7:263–271
Outwater KM, Crone RK (1984) Management of respiratory failure in infants with acute viral bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 138:1071–1075
Oxelius VA (1979) IgG subclasses in infancy and childhood. Acta Paediatr Scand 68:23–27
Parrott RH, Kim HW, Arrobio JO, Hodes DS, Murphy BR, Brandt CD, Camargo E, Chanock RM (1973) Epidemiology of respiratory syncitial virus infections in Washington DC. II. Infection and disease with respect to age, immunological status, race and sex. Am J Epidemiol 98:289–300
Patterson JL, Fernandez-Larsson R (1990) Molecular mechanisms of action of ribavirin. Rev Infect Dis 12:1139–1146
Pene J, Rousset F, Briere F, Chertien I, Bonnefoy JY, Spits H, Yokota T, Arai N, Arai KI, Banchereau J, de Vries JE (1988) IgE production by normal human lymphocytes is induced by interleukin 4 and suppressed by interferons g and a and prostaglandin E2. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:6880–6884
Pene J, Rousset F, Briere F, Chretien I, Paliard X, Banchereau J, Spits H, Vries J de (1988) IgE production by alloreactive T-cell clones is mediated by II-4 and suppressed by IFN-γ. J Immunol 141:1218–1224
Phelan PD, Williams HE (1969) Sympathomimetic drugs in acute viral bronchiolitis. Their effect on pulmonary resistance. Paediatrics 44:493–497
Phelan PD, Landau LI, Olinsky A (1982) Respiratory illness in children. Blackwell Scientific Publication. Oxford, UK, pp 76–78
Pickers DL, Schefft GL, Storch GA, Thach BT (1989) Characterisation of prolonged apnoeic episodes associated with respiratory syncitial virus infection. Pediatr Pulmonol 6:195–201
Pirie HM, Petrie L, Pringle CR, Allan EM, Kennedy GJ (1981) Acute fatal pneumonia in calves due to respiratory syncitial virus. Vet Rec 108:411–416
Plaut M, Pierce JH, Watson CJ, Hanley-Hyde J, Norden RP, Paul WE (1989) Mast cell lines produce lymphokines in response to cross linkage of FceR1 or to calcium ionophores. Nature 339:64–67
Polmar SH, Robinson LD, Minnefor AB (1972) Immunoglobulin E in bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 50:274–284
Portnoy J, Hicks R, Pacheco F, Olson L (1988) Pilot study of recombinant interferon Alpha-2a for treatment of infants with bronchiolitis induced by respiratory syncitial virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 32:589–591
Prince GA, Jenson AB, Hemming VG, Murphy BR, Walsh EE, Horswood RL, Chanock RM (1986) Enhancement of respiratory syncitial virus pulmonary pathology in cotton rats by intramuscular inoculation of formation inactivated virus. J Virol 57:721–728
Prior C, Haslam PL (1989) Interferon in lungs. Lancet II:1333
Pullan CR, Hey EW (1982) Wheezing, asthma and pulmonary dysfunction 10 years after infection with respiratory syncitial virus in infancy. BMJ 284:1665–1669
Ray CG (1988) Ribavirin: ambivalence about an antiviral agent. Am J Dis Child 142:488–489
Report to the MRC Subcommittee on Respiratory Syncitial Virus Vaccines (1978) Respiratory syncitial virus infection: admissions to hospital in industrial, urban and rural areas. BMJ 2:796–798
Reynolds EOR (1963) Arterial blood gas tensions in acute disease of lower respiratory tract in infancy. BMJ 1:1192–1196
Reynolds EOR, Cook CD (1963) The treatment of bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 63:1205–1207
Roberts NJ (1982) Different effects of influenza virus, respiratory syncitial virus and sendai virus on human lymphocytes and macrophages. Infect Immun 35:1142–1146
Roberts NJ, Prill AH, Mann TN (1986) Interleukin 1 and interleukin 1 inhibitor production by human macrophages exposed to influenza virus or respiratory syncitial virus. J Exp Med 163:511–519
Rodriguez WJ, Kim HW, Brandt CD, Fink RJ, Getson PR, Arrobio J, Murphy TM, McCarthy V, Parrott RH (1987) Aerosolized ribavarin in the treatment of patients with respiratory syncytial virus disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6:159–163
Ross CAC, Pinterton IW, Assaad FA (1971) Pathogenesis of respiratory syncitial virus disease in infancy. Arch Dis Child 46:702–704
Rutter N, Milner AD, Hiller EJ (1975) Effect of bronchodilators on respiratory resistance in infants and young children with bronchiolitis and wheezy bronchitis. Arch Dis Child 50:719–722
Sanchez-Legrand F, Smith TF (1989) Interaction of paramyxoviruses with human basophils and their effect on histamine release. J Allergy Clin Immunol 84:538–546
Satake M, Coligan JE, Elango N, Norrby E, Venkatesan S (1985) Respiratory virus envelope glycoprotein (G) has a novel structure. Nucleic Acids Res 13:7795–7812
Schur PH, Rosen F, Norman ME (1979) IgG subclasses in normal children. Pediatr Res 13:181–183
Scott R, Pullan CR, Scott M, McQuillan J (1984) Cell mediated immunity in respiratory syncitial virus disease. J Med Virol 13:105–114
Sibille Y, Reynolds HY (1990) State of the art. Macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils in lung defense and injury. Am Rev Respir Dis 141:471–501
Sims DG, Downham MAPS, Gardner PS, Webb JRG, Weightman D (1978) Study of 8 year old children with a history of respiratory syncitial virus bronchiolitis in infancy. BMJ 1:11–14
Sims DG, Gardner PS, Weightman D, Turner MW, Soothill JF (1981) Atropy does not predispose to RSV bronchiolitis or post bronchiolitic wheezing. BMJ 282:2086–2088
Skoner DP, Fireman P, Davis HW, Wall R, Caliguiri LA (1989) Increases in plasma concentrations of a prostaglandin metabolite in acute airway obstruction. Arch Dis Child 64:1112–1117
Sly PD, Hibbert HE (1989) Childhood asthma following hospitaliation with acute viral bronchiolitis in infancy. Paediatr Pulmonol 7:153–158
Smith TF, McIntosh K, Fishaut M, Henson PM (1981) Activation of complement by cells infected with respiratory syncitial virus. Infect Immun 33:43–48
Spigelberg HL (1974) Biological activities of immunoglobulins of different classes and subclasses. Adv Immunol 19:259–294
Stewart RS, Gershwin LJ (1989) Detection of IgE antibodies to bovine respiratory syncitial virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 20:313–323
Stewart RS, Gershwin LJ (1989) Role of IgE in the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncitial virus in sequential infections in vaccinated and nonvaccinated calves. Am J Vet Res 50:345–355
Stott EJ, Ball LA, Young KK, Furze J, Wertz GW (1986) Human respiratory syncitial virus glycoprotein G expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus vector protects mice against live-virus challenge. J Virol 60:607–613
Stott EJ, Taylor G, Ball LA, Anderson K, Young KKY, King AMQ, Wertz GW (1987) Immune and histopathological response in animals vaccinated with recombinant vaccinia viruses that express individual genes of human respiratory syncitial virus. J Virol 61:3855–3861
Taber LH, Knight V, Gilbert BE, McClung HW, Wilson SZ, Norton HJ, Thurson JM, Gordon WH, Atmar RL, Schlaudt WR (1983) Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. Pediatrics 72:613–618
Taylor S, Bryson YJ (1985) Impaired production of IFNγ by newborn cells in-vitro is due to a functionally immature macrophage. J Immunol 134:1493–1497
Taylor G, Stott EJ, Bew M, Fernie BF, Cote PJ (1983) Monoclonal antibodies protect against respiratory syncitial virus. Lancet II:976
Taylor CE, Morrow S, Scott M, Young B, Toms GL (1989) Comparative virulence of respiratory syncitial virus subgroups A and B. Lancet I:777–778
Taylor CE, Webb MSC, Milner AD, Milner PD, Morgan LA, Scott R, Stokes GM, Swarbrick AS, Toms GL (1989) Interferon alpha infections virus, and virus antigen secretion in respiratory syncitial virus infections of graded severity. Arch Dis Child 64:1656–1660
Toms GL, Scott R (1987) Respiratory syncitial virus and the infants immune response. Arch Dis Child 62:544–546
Toms GL, Webb MSC, Milner PD, Milner AD, Routledge EG, Scott R, Stokes GM, Swarbrick A, Taylor CE (1989) IgG and IgM antibodies to viral glycoproteins in respiratory syncitial virus infections of graded severity. Arch Dis Child 64:1661–1665
Turner RB (1990) The role of neutrophiles in the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J 9:832–835
Vikerfors T, Grandien M, Oken P (1982) Respiratory syncitial virus infections in adults. Am Rev Respir Dis 136:561–564
Volovitz B, Welliver RC, De Castro G, Krystofik DA, Ogra PL (1988) The release of leukotrienes in the respiratory tract during infection with respiratory syncitial virus: role in obstructive airway disease. Pediatr Res 24:504–507
Wagner DH, Graham BS, Wright PF, Walsh EE, Kim HW, Reimer CB, Nelson DL, Chanock RM, Murphy BR (1986) Serum immunoglobulin G antibody subclass responses to respiratory syncitial virus F and G glycoproteins after primary infections. J Clin Microbiol 24:304–306
Wagner DH, Nelson DL, Walsh EE, Reimer CB, Henderson FW, Murphy BR (1987) Differential immunoglobulin G subclass antibody titers to respiratory syncitial virus F and G glycoproteins in adults. J Clin Microbiol 25:748–750
Wakasugi N, Virilezier J-L, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Rothhut B, Huerta JM, Russo-Marie F, Fiers W (1985) Defective IFNg production in the human neonate. II. Role of increased sensitivity to prostaglandin E. J Immunol 134:172–176
Wald ER, Dashefsky B, Green M (1988) In re ribavirin: a case of premature adjudication? J Pediatr 112:154–158
Walsh EE, Schlezinger JJ, Brandriss (1984) Protection from respiratory syncitial virus infection in cotton rats by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies. Infect Immun 43:756–758
Ward KA, Lambden AR, Ogilvie MM, Watt PJ (1983) Antibody to respiratory syncitial virus polypeptides and their significance in human infection. J Gen Virol 64:1867–1876
Watt PJ, Zardis M, Lambden PR (1986) Age related IgG subclass response to respiratory syncitial fusion protein in infected infants. Clin Exp Immunol 64:503–509
Webb MSC, Henry RL, Milner AD, Stokes GM, Swarbrick AS (1985) Continuing respiratory problems three and a half years after acute viral bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 60:1064–1067
Webb MSC, Martin GA, Cartlidge PHJ, Ng YH, Wright NA (1985) Chest physiotherapy in acute bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 60:1078–1079
Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Ogra PL (1980) The appearance of cell-bound IgE in respiratory tract epithelium after respiratory syncitial virus infection. N Engl J Med 303:1198–1202
Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Putnam TI, Sun M, Riddlesberg K, Ogra PL (1980) The antibody response to primary and secondary infection with respiratory syncitial virus: kinetics of class specific responses. J Pediatr 96:808–813
Welliver RC, Wong DT, Sun M, Middleton E, Vaughan RS, Ogra PL (1981) The development of respiratory syncitial virus-specific IgG and the release of histamine in nasopharyngeal secretions after infection. N Engl J Med 305:841–846
Welliver RC, Kaul TN, Sun M, Ogra PL (1984) Defective regulations of immune responses in respiratory syncitial virus infections. J Immunol 133:1925–1930
Welliver RC, Sun M, Hildreth SW, Arumugham R, Ogra PL (1988) Respiratory syncitial virus-specific antibody responses in immunoglobulin A and E isotypes to the F and G proteins and to intact virus after natural infection. J Clin Microbiol 27:295–299
Welliver RC, Sun M, Rinaldo D, Ogra PL (1985) Respiratory syncitial virus specific IgE responses following infection: evidence for a predominantly mucosal response. Pediatr Res 19:420–424
Welliver RC, Sun M, Rinaldo D, Ogra PL (1986) Predictive valve of respiratory syncitial virus—specific IgE responses for recurrent wheezing following bronchiolitis. J Pediatr 109:776–800
Wertz GW, Collins PL, Huang Y, Gruber C, Levine S, Ball LA (1985) Nucleotide sequence of the G protein gene of humanrespiratory syncitial virus reveals an unusual type of viral membrane protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82:4075–4079
White JM, Littman DR (1989) Viral receptors of the immunoglobulin superfamily. Cell 56:725–728
Wilson CB, Westall J, Johnston L, Lewis DB, Dower SK, Alpert AR (1986) Decreased production of IFNγ by human neonatal cells. Instrinsic and regulatory deficiencies. J Clin Invest 77:860–867
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Everard, M.L., Milner, A.D. The respiratory syncitial virus and its role in acute bronchiolitis. Eur J Pediatr 151, 638–651 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01957564
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01957564