Abstract
The specification of high contrast color sets is a fundamental step towards the optimal use of color to represent qualitative data. The problem is formulated here as a combinatorial optimization problem on graphs, and a Hopfield neural network of analog neurons is designed to find approximate solutions. The network's performance, heuristically evaluated, appears satisfactory. The simplicity, versatility, and robustness of the algorithm make it a valid tool in nominal color coding.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barahona F (1982) On the computational complexity of Ising spin-glasses models. J Phys [A] Mathematical and general 15:3241–3253
Berns RS, Gorzynski ME, Motta RC (1991) CRT metrology and colorimetric characterization techniques. Technical report, Munsell Color Science Laboratory' Rochester Institute of Technologies
Berlin J (1983) Semiology of graphics, University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Carter RC, Carter EC (1981) Color and conspicuousness. J Optical Soc Am 71:723–729
Carter RC, Carter EC (1982) High-contrast sets of colors. Appl Optics 21:2936–2939
De Corte W (1988) Ergonomically optimal CRT colours for non fixed ambien illumination conditions. Color Res Application 13:327–331
De Corte W (1990) Recent developments in the computation of ergonomically optimal contrast sets of CRT colours. Displays 11:123–128
Della Ventura A, Schettini R (1990) Perceptual color scales for data display. Automatika 31:A.61-A.71
Della Ventura A, Schettini R (1993) Computer aided color coding. In: Thalmann NM, Thalmann D (eds) Communication with virtual word, Springer, Tokyo, pp 62–75
Garey MR, Johnson DS (1979) Computers and intractability. Freeman, New York
Hopfield JJ (1982) Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:2554–2558
Hopfield JJ (1984) Neurons with graded response have collective computational properties like those of two-states neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 81:3088–3092
Karp RM (1972) Reducibility among combinatorial problems. In: Miller RE, Thacher JW (eds) Complexity of computer computations, Plenum Press, New York
Kelly KL (1976) Twenty-two colors of maximum contrast. Color Eng 3:26–27
MacDonald LW (1990) Using colour effectively in displays for computer-human interface. Displays 11:129–141
McCulloch WA, Pitts W (1943) A logical calculus immanent in nervous activity. Bull Math Biophys 5:115–133
Schwarz MW, Cowan WB, Beatty JC (1987) An experimental comparison of RGB, YIQ, LAB, HSV, and opponent color models. ACM Trans Graphics 6:123–158
Takefuji Y (1992) Neural network parallel computing. Kluwer Academic, Norwell
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Campadelli, P., Mora, P. & Schettini, R. Color set selection for nominal coding by Hopfield networks. The Visual Computer 11, 150–155 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01898600
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01898600