Skip to main content
Log in

The stability of carotene in vegetable foods and forages

  • III. Caroténoides
  • Published:
Qualitas Plantarum et Materiae Vegetabiles Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

Pure carotene is unstable in air. In seeds, carrot roots and fruits the carotene is relatively stable while these parts of plants remain alive. In some conditions the carotenoids in detached fruits and carrots increase during a few weeks in storage. When leaves are extensively injured the carotene is quickly oxidized under the influence of an enzyme system. The enzyme is abent from carrots and fruits but is found in all leaves. Indeed chlorophyll has not yet been found without the enzyme in any parts of plants. Even after the enzyme is destroyed by heat and dehydration, carotene is lost, slowly in the dark and faster in light. Carotene is similarly lost from dehydrated carrots. The rate of oxidation of carotene in dried vegetables and forage crops during storage depends upon conditions. Low temperature, antioxidants and high moisture favour retention. If oxygen and light are excluded carotene is stable indefinitely. Thus carotene is well preserved in frozen, gaspacked, vacuum-packed or canned vegetables and fruits.

Résumé

Le carotène pur est instable dans l'air. Dans les graines, racines de carottes et fruits, le carotène est relativement stable tant que ces différentes parties de la plante restent vivantes. Dans de certaines conditions, les caroténoïdes, dans les fruits et carottes séparés de la plante augmentent durant quelques semaines. Quand les feuilles sont abîmées, le carotène est rapidement oxydé, sous l'influence d'un système enzymétique. Cet enzyme est absent des carottes et fruits, mais se trouve dans toutes les feuilles. En effet, la chlorophylle n'a jamais encore été trouvée, sans cet enzyme, dans quelque partie de la plante que ce soit. Même après que l'enzyme ait été dètruit par chaleur et déshydratation, le carotène disparaît, lentement à l'obscurité, plus rapidement à la lumière. Le carotène disparaît de même, à partir de carottes déshydratées. La vitesse de l'oxydation du carotène, dans les végétaux morts et les fourrages, durant le magasinage, dépend de diverses conditions. Basse température, antioxydants et humidité élevée favorisent la conservation. Si on élimine l'oxygène et la lumière, le carotène est indéfiniment stable. Ainsi le carotène est bien conservé dans les végétaux et fruits congelés, sous atmosphère inerte ou stérilisés en boîte.

Zusammenfassung

Krystallinisches Carotin ist nicht stabil an der Luft. In Samen, Karotten und Obst ist das Carotin relativ stabil, solange diese Pflanzenteile lebend sind. Die Konzentration der Carotinoide im geernteten Obst und in Karotten vergrössert sich manchmal während einer Spanne von einigen Wochen. Wenn die Blätter verletzt sind, wird das Carotin durch die Wirkung eines Enzymsystems rasch oxydiert. Dieses Enzym findet man nicht in Karotten und Obst, ist aber in allen Chlorophyll-enthaltenden Pflanzen gefunden worden. Wenn das Enzym durch Hitzeeinwirkung und durch Trocknen inaktiviert ist, verschwindet das Carotin auch, aber viel langsamer, wenn die Blätter im Dunkeln gehalten werden, etwas schneller im Licht. In getrockneten Karotten verschwindet das Carotin in ähnlicher Weise. Das Mass des Carotin-Verlustes in Trockengemüse und in Futtermitteln hängt von den Lagerbedingungen ab. Antioxydantien, niedrige Temperatur und hohe Feuchtigkeit haben guten Einfluss auf die Carotin-Erhaltung. Wenn Sauerstoff und Licht ausgeschlossen werden, ist das Carotin unbeschränkt stabil. Daher ist das Carotin gut praeserviert, wenn Gemüse und Obst in Dosen, oder schnellgefroren, gasgepackt oder vakuumgepackt konserviert werden.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Bernstein, L., &Thompson, J. F., 1947. Studies on the carotene destroying processes in drying bean leaves.Bot. Gaz. 109,204–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bickoff, E. M., Livingston, A. L., Guggolz, J., &Thompson, C. R., 1954. Quinoline derivatives as antioxidants for carotene.J. agric. Fd. Chem. 2,1229–1231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., 1945. Extraction and estimation of carotene from foodstuffs.J. Soc. chem. Ind., Lond. 64,162–169T.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., 1951. Chromogenesis in stored carrots.J. Sci. Fd. & Agric. 2,353–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., Preservation of carotene in dried green crops. Association of Green Crop Driers, London 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., 1956. The loss of carotene from dried green crop during storage. — The gradient of loss through a stack.J. Sci. Fd. & Agric. 7,114–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., Carotene, its determination in biological materials. Heffer, Cambridge 1957a.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., 1957b. ß-Carotene in the flowers ofNarcissus.Biochem. J. 65,660–663.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, V. H., &Dark, S. O. S., 1949. The influence of environment and maturity on total carotenoids in carrots.J. agric. Sci. 39,226–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, D. L., Animal biochromes and structural colours. University Press, Cambridge 1953.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilbert, H. R., 1935. Factors affecting the carotene content of alfalfa hay and meal.J. Nutrit. 10,45–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauge, S. M., &Aitkenhead, W. J., 1931. The effect of artificial drying upon the vitamin A content of alfalfa.J. biol. Chem. 93,657–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Livingston, G. E., &Fellers, C. R., Color changes during storage of foods. In Symposium on color in foods, p. 103–109. Nat. Res. Council, Washington 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, H. L., Beauchene, R. E., &Silker, R. E., 1954. Stability of carotene in dehydrated alfalfa meal with effect of antioxidants, oil, and heat.J. Agric. Fd. Chem. 2,939–941.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Agricultural Engineering, 1955. The production of hay on racks and tripods.NIAE Report No. 53.

  • Papendick, K., 1955. Karotingehalt und Heuqualität.Landw. Forsch. 7,130–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, E. S. & A., 1952. At last, the flexible vacuum pack.Packaging Rev. Sept. 1952.

  • Rygg, G. L., 1949. Changes in carotenoid content of harvested carrots.Amer. Soc. hort. Sci. 54,307–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scharrer, K., &Räker, K., 1955. Der Einfluss der Einsauerung der Futtermittel auf deren Carotingehalt.Z. Tierernährung u. Futtermittelk. 10,275–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tomkins, R. G., Mapson, L. W., Allen, J. L., Wager, H. G., &Barker, J., 1944. The drying of vegetables. III. The storage of dried vegetables.J. Soc. chem. Ind., Lond. 63,225–231T.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, K. A., &Hauge, S. M., 1953. Carotene: factors affecting destruction in alfalfa.J. agric. Fd. Chem. 1,1001–1004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weier, E., 1947. Rate of pigment degradation in the phloem of dehydrated red core Chantenay carrots.Hilgardia 17,485–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, W. I., Tressler, D. K., &Maynard, L. A., 1940. Determination of carotene in fresh and frozen vegetables.Food Res. 5,93–101.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Additional information

Member of the scientific staff of the Agricultural Research Council.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Booth, V.H. The stability of carotene in vegetable foods and forages. Plant Food Hum Nutr 3, 317–326 (1958). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01884060

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01884060

Keywords

Navigation