Abstract
This paper reviews the various lines of evidence that support the hypothesis that above-ground plant parts remove particulates from the atmosphere. Some scanning electron microscope observations of the particulate burden on leaves of London planetree are discussed. The authors present an outline of the kinds of research required to support or reject the hypothesis that urban woody plants are important air filters.
Similar content being viewed by others
Literature cited
Anonymous. 1971. National primary and secondary ambient air quality standards. Fed. Regist. 36:8186–8201.
Art, H. W., F. H. Bormann, G. K. Voigt, and G. M. Woodwell. 1974. Barrier island forest ecosystem: role of meteorologic nutrient inputs. Science 184:60–62.
Bach, W. 1972. Atmospheric pollution. McGraw-Hill, New York 144 pp.
Bennett, J. H., and A. C. Hill. 1975. Interactions of air pollutants with canopies of vegetation. Pages 273–306in J. B. Mudd and T. T. Kozlowski, eds. Responses of plants to air pollution. Academic Press, New York
Bormann, F. H., P. R. Shafer, and D. Mulcahy. 1958. Fallout on the vegetation of New England during the 1957 atom bomb test series. Ecology 39:376–378.
Boyce, S. G. 1954. The salt spray community. Ecol. Monogr. 24:29–67.
Buchauer, M. J. 1973. Contamination of soil and vegetation near a zinc smelter by zinc, cadmium, copper and lead. Environ. Sci. Tech. 7:131–135.
Carlson, R. W., F. A. Bazzaz, J. J. Stukel, and J. B. Wedding. 1976. Physiological effects, wind reentrainment and rainwash of Pb aerosol particulate deposited on plant leaves. Environ. Sci. Tech. 10:1139–1142.
Chadwick, R. C., and A. C. Chamberlain. 1970. Field loss of radionuclides from grass. Atmos. Environ. 4:51–56.
Chamberlain, A. C. 1967. Deposition of particles to natural surfaces. Pages 138–164in P. H. Gregory and J. L. Monteith, eds. Airborne microbes. 17th Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol., Cambridge University Press, London.
Chamberlain, A. C. 1970. Interception and retention of radioactive aerosols by vegetation. Atmos. Environ. 4:57–78.
Clayton, J. L. 1972. Salt spray and mineral cycling in two California coastal ecosystems. Ecology 53:74–81.
Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection. 1975. Connecticut air quality summary 1974. Conn. DEP. Hartford, CT. 51 pp.
Costantini, A., and A. E. Rich. 1973. Comparison of salt injury to four species of coniferous tree seedlings when salt was applied to the potting medium and to the needles with or without an antitranspirant. Phytopathology 63:200.
Cunningham, P. T., S. A. Johnson, and P. T. Yang. 1974. Variations in chemistry of airborne particulate materials with particle size and time. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8:131–135.
Dahlman, R. C., S. I. Auerbach, and P. B. Dunaway. 1969. Behaviour of137Cs-tagged particles in a fescue meadow. Pages 153–165in Environmental contamination by radioactive materials. International Atomic Energy Agency. Vienna.
DeLuisi, J. J., I. H. Blifford, Jr., and J. A. Takamine. 1972. Models of tropospheric aerosol size distribution derived from measurements at three locations. Geophys. Res. 77:4529–4538.
Dochinger, L. S. 1972. Can trees cleanse the air of particulate pollutants? Int. Shade Tree Conf. Proc. 48:45–48.
Dochinger, L. S., and W. H. Smith. 1975. Ability of woody plants to reduce gaseous atmospheric contamination. Pages 51–52.in W. H. Smith and L. S. Dochinger, eds. Air pollution and metropolitan woody vegetation. Consortium for Environmental Forestry Studies, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Upper Darby, PA.
Duce, R. A., G. L. Hoffman, J. L. Fasching, and J. L. Moyers. 1973. The collection and analysis of trace elements in atmospheric particulate matter over the North Atlantic Ocean. World Meteorological Organization, Tech. Conf. Observ. Meas. Atmos. Pollut., Helsinki, Finland. pp. 370–379.
Edwards, R. S., and S. M. Claxton. 1964. The distribution of airborne salt of marine origin in the Aberystwyth area. J. Appl. Ecol. 1:253–263.
Elder, F., and C. Hasler. 1954. Ragweed pollen in the atmosphere. Report Dept. of Meteorology, Penn. State University. University Park, Pa. Unpaginated.
Environmental Health Science Center. 1975. The role of plants in environmental purificiation. Environ. Health Sci. Cen., Oregon State University. Corvallis, Ore. 34 pp.
Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Monitoring and air quality trends report, 1973. EPA Publication No. 450/1-74-007. Research Triangle Park, N.C. 125 pp.
Fennelly, P. F. 1976. The origin and influence of airborne particulates. Amer. Scient. 64:46–56.
Flocchini, R. G., T. A. Cahill, D. J. Shadoan, S. J. Lange, R. A. Eldred, P. J. Feeny, G. W. Wolfe, D. C. Simmeroth, and J. K. Suder. 1976. Monitoring California's aerosols by size and elemental composition. Environ. Sci. Tech. 10:76–82.
Gladney, E. S., W. H. Zoller, A. G. Jones, and G. E. Gordon. 1974. Composition and size distributions of atmospheric particulate matter in Boston area. Environ. Sci. Tech. 8:551–557.
Hanson, G. P., and L. Thorne. 1972. Vegetation to reduce air pollution. Lasca Leaves 20:60–65
Heichel, G. H., and L. Hankin. 1972. Particles containing lead, chlorine, and bromine detected on trees with an electron microprobe. Environ. Sci. Tech. 6:1121–1122.
Heichel, G. H., and L. Hankin. 1976. Roadside coniferous windbreaks as sinks for vehicular lead emissions. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 26:767–770.
Heisler, G. M. 1975. How trees modify metropolitan climate and noise. Pages 103–112in Forestry issues in urban America. Proceedings, 1974 National Convention, Society of American Foresters, New York.
Helvey, J. D. 1971. A summary of rainfall interception by certain conifers of North America. Third International Seminar for Hydrology Professors Proc., Purdue University. Lafayette Indiana, pp. 103–113.
Hidy, G. M. 1972. Aerosols and atmospheric chemistry. Academic Press, New York 348 pp.
Hill, A. C. 1971. Vegetation: A sink for atmospheric pollutants. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 21:341–346.
Hofstra, G., and R. Hall. 1971. Injury on roadside trees: Leaf injury on pine and white cedar in relation to foliar levels of sodium and chloride. Canad. J. Botany 49:613–622.
Hosker, R. P. Jr. 1973. Estimates of dry deposition and plume depletion over forests and grassland. Proc. IAEA Symposium on the Physical Behavior of Radioactive Contaminants in the Atmosphere, Vienna, Austria.
Ingold, C. T. 1971. Fungal spores. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 302 pp.
Jordan, M. J. 1975. Effects of zinc smelter emissions and fire on a chestnut-oak woodland. Ecology 56:78–91.
Langer, G. 1965. Particle deposition and reentrainment from coniferous trees. Part II: experiments with individual leaves. Kolloid-Z. fur Polym. 204:119–124.
Lee, R. E. 1972, The size of suspended particulate matter in air. Science 178:567–575.
Lee, R. E., H. L. Crist, A. E. Riley, and K. E. Macleod. 1975. Concentration and size of trace metal emissions from a power plant, a steel plant, and a cotton gin. Environ. Sci. Tech. 9:643–647.
Little, P., and M. H. Martin. 1972. A survey of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil and natural vegetation around a smelting complex. Environ. Pollut. 3:241–254.
Martin, W. E. 1959. The vegetation of Island Beach State Park, New Jersey. Ecol. Monogr. 29:1–46.
Moorby, J., and H. M. Squire. 1963. The loss of radioactive isotopes from the leaves of plants in dry conditions. Radia. Bot. 3:163–167.
Neuberger, H., C. L. Hasler, and W. C. Kocmond. 1967. Vegetation as aerosol filter. Biometorology 2:693–702.
Oak Ridge National Laboratory. 1969. Progress report in postattack ecology. Interim Progress Report No. ORNL-TM-2466. Oak Ridge, Tenn. 60 pp.
Oosting, H. J., and W. D. Billings. 1942. Factors effecting vegetational zonation on coastal dunes. Ecology 23:131–142.
Oosting, H. J. 1945. Tolerance to salt spray of plants of coastal dunes. Ecology 26:85–89.
Peters, L. N., and J. P. Witherspoon. 1972. Retention of 44–88μ simulated fallout particles by grasses. Health Physics 22:26' 266.
Podgorow, N. W. 1967. Plantings as dust filters. Les. Khoz. 20:39–40.
Raynor, G. S., M. E. Smith, I. A. Singer, L. A. Cohen, and J. V. Hayes. 1966. The dispersion of ragweed pollen into a forest. Proc. 7th National Conf. Agricultural Meterology, 1966. Rutgers, University, New Brunswick, New Jersey.
Raynor, G. S. 1967. Effects of a forest on particulate dispersion. Pages 581–586in C. A. Mawson, ed. Proc. USAEC Meterological Information Meeting, Chalk River Nuclear Laboratories. Chalk River, Ontario.
Rich, S. 1968. Plants as air purifiers. Front. of Pl. Sci. 21:6–7.
Romney, E. M., R. G. Lindberg, H. A. Hawthorne, B. G. Bystrom, and K. H. Larson. 1963. Contamination of plant foliage with radioactive fallout. Ecology 44:343–349.
Rosinki, J., and C. T. Nagamoto. 1965. Particle deposition on and reentrainment from coniferous trees. Part I: experiments with trees. Kolloid-Z and Z fur Polym. 204:111–119.
Servant, J. 1974. Deposition of atmospheric lead particles to natural surfaces in field experiments. Proc. Symp. Atmosphere-Surface Exchange of Paniculate and Gaseous Pollutants. Richland. pp. 85–93.
Smith, S. 1899. Vegetation a remedy for the summer heat of cities. Appleton's Popular Science Monthly 54:433–450.
Smith, W. H. 1970a. Technical review: trees in the city. J. Amer. Instit. Planners 36:429–436.
Smith, W. H. 1970b. Salt contamination of white pine planted adjacent to an interstate highway. Pl. Dis. Rptr. 54:1021–1025.
Smith, W. H. 1973. Metal contamination of urban woody plants. Environ. Sci. Tech. 7:631–636.
Smith, W. H. 1974. Air pollution—effects on the structure and function of the temperate forest ecosystem. Environ. Pollut. 6:111–129.
Smith, W. H. 1975. Ability of woody plants to reduce particulate atmospheric contamination. Pages 49–51in W. H. Smith and L. S. Dochinger, eds. Air pollution and metropolitan woody vegetation. Consortium for Environmental Forestry Studies, U.S.D.A. Forest Service. Upper Darby, Pa.
Smith, W. H. 1976a. Lead contamination of the roadside ecosystem. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 26:753–766.
Smith, W. H. 1976b. Air pollution-effects on the structure and function of plant-surface microbial-ecosystems. Pages 75–105in C. H. Dickinson and T. F. Preece, eds. Microbiology of aerial plant surfaces. Academic Press, New York.
Smith, W. H., and L. S. Dochinger. 1976. Capability of metropolitan trees to reduce atmospheric contaminants,in H. Gerhold, F. Santamor and S. Little, eds. Proceedings better trees for metropolitan landscapes symposium. U. S. National Arboretum. Washington, D. C. (in press).
Smith, W. H. 1977. Influence of heavy metal leaf contaminants on thein vitro growth of urban tree phylloplane fungi. Microb. Ecol. (in press).
Smith, W. H., B. J. Staskawicz, and R. S. Harkov. 1977. Trace-metal leaf pollutants and urban tree phylloplane pathogens. Phytopathology (submitted).
Spirtas, R., and H. J. Levin. 1971. Patterns and trends in levels of suspended particulate matter. Jour. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 21:329–333.
Staskawicz, B. J. and W. H. Smith, 1977. Trace-metal leaf pollutants suppressin vitro development ofGnomonia platani. Eur. J. For. Pathol. (in press).
Steubing, L., and R. Klee. 1970. Comparative investigations into the dust filtering.effects of broad leaves and coniferous woody vegetation. Agnew. Bot. 44:73–85.
Vandergrift, A. E., L. J. Shannon, E. E. Sallee, P. G. Gorman and W. R. Park. 1971. Paniculate air pollution in the United States. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 21:321–328.
Waggoner, P. E. 1971. Plants and polluted air. BioScience 21:455–459.
Warren, J. L. 1973. Green space for air pollution control. Sch. of Forest Resources, Tech. Rep. No. 50, North Carolina State University. Raleigh, N.C. 118 pp.
Wedding, J. B., R. W. Carlson, J. J. Stukel, and F. A. Bazzaz. 1975. Aerosol deposition on plant leaves. Environ. Sci. Tech. 9:151–153.
Wells, B. W., and I. V. Shunk. 1938. Salt spray: an important factor in coastal ecology. Torr. Bot. Cl. Bull. 65:485–492.
White, E. J., and F. Turner. 1970. Method of estimating income of nutrients in catch of airborne particles by a woodland canopy. Jour. Appl. Ecol. 7:441–461.
Willeke, K., and K. T. Whitby. 1975. Atmospheric aerosols: size distribution interpretation. J. Air Pollut. Cont. Assoc. 25:529–534.
Witherspoon, J. P., and F. G. Taylor, Jr. 1971. Retention of 1–44μ simulated fallout particles by soybean and sorghum plants. Health Phys. 21:673–677.
Woodcock, A. H. 1953. Salt nuclei in marine air as a function of altitude and wind force. J. Meteorol. 10:362–371.
Zinke, P. J. 1967. Forest interception studies in the United States.In Forest Hydrology. Pergamon Press. Oxford, England. pp. 137–160.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Smith, W.H., Staskawicz, B.J. Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees: Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs. Environmental Management 1, 317–330 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01865859
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01865859