Skip to main content
Log in

The effects of zinc on the morphology of sickle red blood cell ghosts as observed by scanning electron microscopy

  • Published:
Research in Experimental Medicine

Summary

The objective of these studies is to define the role of zinc in RBC ghost morphology specifically in comparison to the echinocytogenic effects of calcium. Erythrocyte ghosts were prepared from patients with sickle cell anemia, treated with zinc and/or calcium and the resulting cell morphology studied by scanning electron microscopy. Our results showed that zinc consistently and significantly antagonized the echinocytogenic effect of calcium. A simple log linear statistical model was used to evaluate the data and supported this conclusion. We discuss the potential significance of these findings to the effect of zinc treatment on patients with sickle cell anemia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. BESSIS, M.: Red cell shapes. An illustrated classification and its rationale. Nouv. Rev. Fr. Hematol.12, 721–746 (1972)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. BLUM, R.M., HOFFMAN, J.F.: Ca-induced K Transport in human red cells: Localization of the Ca-sensitive site to the inside of the membrane. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications46, 1146–1152 (1972)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. BREWER, G.J., BREWER, L.F., PRASAD, A.S.: Zinc therapy suppression of erythrocyte morphological abnormalities in sickle cell anemia (SCA). Clin. Res.23, 522A (1975)

  4. BREWER, G.J., OELSHLEGEL, F.J.: Antisickling effects of zinc. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications58, 854–861 (1974)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. BREWER, G.J., OELSHLEGEL, F.J., PRASAD, A.S.: Zinc in sickle cell anemia. In: Brewer, Erythrocythe Structure and Function, pp. 417–435, New York: Liss 1975

    Google Scholar 

  6. COX, D.R.: The analysis of binary data. London: Methaen 1970

    Google Scholar 

  7. DASH, S., BREWER, G.J., OELSHLEGEL, F.J.: Effect of zinc on haemoglobin binding by red cell membranes. Nature, Lond.250, 251–252 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  8. DUNN, M.J.: Red blood cell calcium and magnesium: Effects upon sodium and potassium transport and cellular morphology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta352, 97–116 (1974)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. EATON, J.W., SKELTON, T.D., SWOFFORD, H.S., HOLPIN, C.E., JACOB, H.S.: Elevated erythrocyte calcium in sickle cell disease. Nature, Lond.246, 105–106 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  10. GILMAN, J.G., OELSHLEGEL, F.J., BREWER, G.J.: Hemoglobin-zinc interaction. In: Brewer, Erythrocythe Structure and Function. pp. 85–105, New York: Liss 1975

    Google Scholar 

  11. GUNN, R.B., TOSTESON, P.C.: The effect of 2.4,6-trinitro-m-cresol on cation and anion transport in sheep red blood cells. J. Gen. Physiol.57, 593–609 (1971)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. MATHESON, D.W., HOWLAND, J.L.: Erythrocyte deformation in human muscular dystrophy. Science, Wash., D.C.184, 165–166 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  13. NAKAO, M., NAKAO, T., YAMAZOE, S., YOSHIKAWA, H.: Adenosine-Triphosphate and shape of erythrocytes. J. Biochem., Tokyo49, 487–492 (1961)

    Google Scholar 

  14. OELSHLEGEL, F.J., BREWER, G.J., PRASAD, A.S., KNUTSEN, C., SCHOOMAKER, E.B.: Effect of zinc on increasing oxygen affinity of sickle and normal red blood cells. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications.53, 560–566 (1973)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. OELSHLEGEL, F.J., BREWER, G.J., KNUTSEN, C., PRASAD, A.S., SCHOOMAKER, E.B.: STudies on the interaction of zinc with human hemoglobin. Arch. Biochem. Biophys.163, 742–748 (1974)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. PALEK, J.W., CURBY, A., LIONETTI, F.J.: Relation of Ca++-activated ATPase to Ca++-linked shrinkage of human red cell ghosts. Am. J. Physiol.220, 1028–1032 (1971)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. PALEK, J., STEWART, G., LIONETTI, F.J.: The dependence of shape of human erythrocyte ghosts on calcium, magnesium, and adenosine triphosphate. Blood44, 583–597 (1974)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. ROMERO, P.J., WHITTAM, R.: The control by internal calcium on membrane permeability to sodium and potassium. J. Physiol.214, 481–507 (1971)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. SACHS, J.R., KNAUF, P.A., DUNHAM, P.B.: Transport through red cell membranes; in Surgenor The red blood cell, pp. 613–695 New York: Academic Press 1975

    Google Scholar 

  20. SCHATZMANN, H.J., ROSSI, G.L.: (Ca2+ + Mg2+) -Activated membrane ATPases in human red cells and their possible relations to cation Transport. Biochim. Biophys. Acta241, 379–392 (1971)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. SCHOOMAKER, E.B., PRASAD, A., OELSHLEGEL, F.J., ORTEGA, J., BREWER, G.J.: Role of zinc in sickle cell disease I. Zinc deficinecy through hemolysis. Clin. Res.21, 834 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  22. SMOUSE, P.E.: Likelihood analysis of geographic variation in allelic frequencies. Theor. App. Genet.45, 52–58 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  23. WEED, R.I., CHAILLEY, B.: The disc-echinocyte shape change of erythrocytes induced by external agents: role of calcium. In: Gerlach, Moser, Deutsch and Wilmans, Erythrocytes, Thrombocytes, Leukocytes, pp. 45–48 Stuttgart: Thieme 1973

    Google Scholar 

  24. WEED, R.I., LACELLE, P.L., MERRILL, E.M.: Metabolic dependence of red cell deformability. J. Clin. Invest.48, 795–809 (1969)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. WHITE, J.G., RAO, G.H.R., MUNDSCHENK, D.D.: Effects of a calcium ionophore, A23187, on the surface morphology of normal erythrocytes. p. 49. Am. Soc. Hem., 17th Ann. Meet. 1974

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Kruckeberg, W.C., Oelshlegel, F.J., Shore, S.H. et al. The effects of zinc on the morphology of sickle red blood cell ghosts as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Res. Exp. Med. 170, 149–159 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01851386

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01851386

Key words

Navigation