Skip to main content
Log in

Subjective symptoms and exposure to lead

Failure to Find Excess Subjective Symptoms in the General Population and in Workers Occupationally Exposed to Lead

  • Published:
International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Summary

In a group of men representing the general population and workers occupationally exposed to lead, we measured Pb-B concentrations of 1,828 men and the erythrocyte ALAD activities of 1,327 men and compared them with subjective symptoms as assessed by the Cornell Medical Index (CMI). No statistically significant association between symptoms and either Pb-B concentrations or ALAD activities was found up to levels of 70μg/100 ml. At higher Pb-B levels the data were insufficient to allow for conclusions. The specificity of the CMI with regard to classical lead-related symptoms is low, and thus the results should be interpreted with caution, perhaps only as an evidence against the suitability of the CMI for this kind of study.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abramson, J.H., Terespolsky, L., Brook, J.G., Kark, S.L.: Cornell Medical Index as a health measure in epidemiological studies. Brit. J. Prev. Soc. Med.19, 103–110 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alessio, L., Bertazzi, P.A., Toffoletto, F., Foà, V.: Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as an indicator of the biological effect of lead in adult males 1. Relationships between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and indicators of internal dose of lead. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Hlth37, 73–88 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alessio, L., Bertazzi, P.A., Monelli, O., Foà, V.: Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin as an indicator of the biological effect of lead in adult males II. Comparison between free erythrocyte protoporphyrin and other indicators of effect. Int. Arch Occup. Environ. Hlth37, 89–105 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Benning, D.: Outbreak of mercury poisoning in Ohio. Ind. Med. Surg.27, 354–363 (1958)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonsignore, D., Calissano, P., Cartasegna, C.: Un semplice metodo per la determinazione della delta-aminolevulinicodeidratase nel sangue. Comportamento dell' enzima nell' intossicazione saturnina. Med. Lavoro56, 199–205 (1965)

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, A.C., Fry, J.: The Cornell Medical index health questionnaire in the identification of neurotic patients in general practice. J. Psychosomatic Res.6, 185–190 (1962)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryce-Smith, D., Waldron, H.A.: Lead, behaviour and criminality. Ecologist4: 10, 367–377 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantarow, A., Trumpet, M.: Lead poisoning 264 p. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co., 1944

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, T.L., Van Gelber, G.A., Karas, G.G., Buck, W.B.: Slowed learning in lambs prenatally exposed to lead. Arch environ hlth29, 154–156 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M.B., Tyroler, H.A.: Cornell Medical Index response as a predictor of mortality, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med.26, 159–164 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • David, L., Clark, J., Voeller, K.: Lead and hyperactivity. Lancet2, 900–903 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration Lead. Occupational exposure: Proposed standard. Federal Register40, 45934–45948 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann, A.J., Brodman, K., Deutschberger, J., Wolff, H.G.: Health Questionnaire Use in an Industrial Medical Department. Ind. Med.22, 355–357 (1953)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeger-Aronsen, B.: Studies on urinary excretion of 6-aminolaevulinic acid and other haem precursors in lead workers and lead-intoxicated rabbits. Scand. J. Clin Lab. Invest.12, Suppl. 47 (1960)

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeger-Aronsen, B.: An assessment of the laboratory tests used to monitor the exposure of lead workers. Brit. J. industr. Med.28, 52–58 (1971)

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris, H.J.: The Cornell Selectee Index as an aid in psychiatric diagnosis, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci46, 593–605 (1946)

    Google Scholar 

  • Health effects Branch Processes and Effects Division Office of Research and Monitoring. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's Position on the Health Effects of Airborne Lead. Nov. 29, 1972

  • Hernberg, S., Nikkanen, J., Mellin, G., Lilius, H.: Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase as a measure of lead exposure. Arch environ. hlth21, 140–145 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernberg, S.: Biological effects of low lead doses. International Symposium on the Environmental Health Aspects of Lead. Amsterdam, Oct. 2–6, 1972

  • Hernberg, S., Nikkanen, J.: Effect of lead on 6-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase. A selective review. Pracov. lék.24, 77–83 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernberg, S.: Epidemiologic methods in occupational health. Work-Environm. hlth11, 59–68 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hernberg, S.: Subclinical aspects of lead toxicity. Canadian Academy of Clinical and Analytical Toxicology, Third annual industrial toxicology symposium, Montreal. May 5–7, 1976, 1–21

  • Hessel, D.W.: A simple and rapid quantitative determination of lead in blood. Atomic Absorpt. Newsletter7, 55–56 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Isokoski, M., Salmi, E., Niemi, T.: Työntekijäin mielenterveyden arvioimisesta. Sosiaalilääketieteellinen Aikakauslehti6, 219–222 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kalimo, E., Bice, T.W., Novosel, M.: Cross-cultural analysis of selected emotional questions from the Cornell Medical Index. Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med.24, 229–240 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Low level lead toxicity and the environmental impact of cadmium. Environ. Health Prespect, exp. issue No: 7, May, 1974.

  • Mantel, N., Ranchhodobri, S.V.: A technique of nonparametric multivariate analysis. Biometrics26, 547–558 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • McMichael, A.J.: Standardized mortality ratios and the “healthy worker effect”: scratching beneath the surface. J. Occup. Med.18, 165–168 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikkanen, J., Hernberg, S., Tola, S.: Modifications of the δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase test and their significance for assessing different intensities of lead exposure. Work-Environm.-hlth9, 46–52 (1972)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordman, C-H.: Environmental lead exposure in Finland. A study on selected population groups. Academic Dissertation, Helsinki Univ. 1975, 118 p

  • Repko, J. D., Morgan, B.B., Nicholson, J.A.: Final report on the behavioral effects of occupational exposure to lead. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Febr. 1974, Interim Technical Report N:o ITR-74-27, 241 p

  • Roels, H.A., Lauwerys, R.R., Buchet, J.P.: Response of free erythrocyte porphyrin and urinary δ-aminolevulinic acid in men and women moderately exposed to lead. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed.34, 97–108 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, H., Sugita, M., Tsuchiya, K.: Biological response and subjective symptoms in low level lead exposure. Arch. environ. hlth29, 157–163 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Selander, S., Cramér, K.: Interrelationships between lead in blood, lead in urine and ALA in urine during lead work. Brit. j. industr. med.27, 28–39 (1970)

    Google Scholar 

  • Seppäläinen, A.M., Tola, S., Hernberg, S., Kock, B.: Subclinical neuropathy at “safe” levels of lead exposure. Arch. environ. hlth.30, 180–183 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuik, E.J.: Biological response of male and female volunteers to inorganic lead. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed.33, 83–97 (1974)

    Google Scholar 

  • Stöfen, D.: Die Larvierte Bleivergiftung. Arch. Hyg.152. 551–558 (1968)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tola, S.: Effect of blood lead concentration, age sex and exposure time on the erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity. Work-environ.-hlth10, 26–35 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tola, S., Hernberg, S., Asp, S., Nikkanen, J.: Parameters indicative of absorption and biological effect in new lead exposure: A prospective study. Brit. J. industr. Med.30, 134–141 (1973)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tola, S., Hernberg, S., Vesanto, R.: Occupational lead exposure in Finland VI. Final report. Scand. j. work, environ. hlth2, 115–127 (1976)

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron, H., Stöfen, D.: Subclinical Lead Poisoning, London and New York: Academic Press 1974

    Google Scholar 

  • Weider, A., Wolff, H.G., Brodman, K., Mittelmann, B., Wechsler, D.: Cornell Index, Manual. The psychological Corporation, New York (1949)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielhuis, R.-L.: Dose-response relationships for inorganic Lead 1. Biochemical and haematological responses. Int. Arch. Occup. Hlth.35, 1–18 (1975)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zielhuis, R.L.: Dose-response relationships for inorganic Lead II. Subjective and funcional response — chronic sequelae, no-response levels. Int. Arch. Occup. Hlth.35, (1975)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Tola, S., Nordman, CH. Subjective symptoms and exposure to lead. Int. Arch Occup Environ Heath 40, 153–162 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01842076

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01842076

Key words

Navigation