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Paleocurrents and the problem of continental drift

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Zusammenfassung

Die Hypothese der Kontinentaldrift der Südkontinente Afrika und Südamerika wird mit Hilfe der Analyse von PalÄoströmungen untersucht.

Marine Sandsteinablagerungen vom Ordoviz bis zum Devon zeigen in Südamerika und auch in Afrika peripher-radiales Transportnetz.

Dies weist auf eine früher zusammenhÄngende Position zwischen beiden Kontinenten hin, deren Ursprung in Ost-Brasilien und West-Afrika gelegen haben mu\, da die Strömungsrichtungen in beiden Kontinenten von diesem Gebiet ausgehen (Fig. 8 und 9).

Die Vereisung im Ordoviz und/oder Silur zeigt eine sternförmige Bewegungsrichtung des Eises vom gleichen Ursprungsgebiet aus. Die Strömungsrichtung zur Caradoc-Zeit war in der Sahara nach N gerichtet, wÄhrend sich das Eis in der Kap-Provinz nach S und in NE-Brasilien möglicherweise nach W bewegte.

Die Strömungsrichtungen und Eisbewegungen im Karbon deuten auf einen territorialen Zusammenhang zwischen Afrika und Südamerika hin, jedoch bedürfen einige Daten einer stratigraphischen überprüfung.

Das Perm im Paraná- und Karroo-Becken zeigt eine unabhÄngige Entwicklung ohne direkten Zusammenhang, wie er aus SchrÄgschichtungsmessungen angedeutet wurde. Das Vorkommen vonMesosaurus in beiden Becken ist ein gewichtiges Argument für ihre benachbarte Lage wÄhrend der Sedimentation.

Im Mesozoikum finden wir von Obertrias bis Unterkreide in beiden Kontinenten Äolische Ablagerungen. Die der Trias wurden durch westliche Winde in mittleren geographischen Breiten sedimentiert, zu einer Zeit, als die beiden Kontinente noch zusammenhingen. Die Sandsteine des Oberen Juras und der Unteren Kreide wurden abgelagert, nachdem die Trennung der Kontinente begonnen hatte.

Das PalÄowindsystem zeigt westliche und Passatwinde. Dieses System spricht bereits für das Vorhandensein des Südatlantiks wÄhrend dem Oberen Jura und der Unteren Kreide.

Abstract

The hypothesis of continental drift is examined on the light of paleocurrent analysis. A peripherical radial transportation pattern was obtained in South America and Africa from marine sandstones deposited during Ordovician to Devonian times. This pattern is suggestive of a former adjacent position between both continents, being the source area located somewhere in eastern Brazil and western Africa (Figs. 8 and 9). The paleocurrents in both continents flowed away from this common area. Evidences of Ordovician and/or Silurian glaciation indicated a radial movement for the ice-sheets, away from the same source area. The Caradocian ice movement in Sahara was to the north, while the ice-flow in the Gape Province was to the south, and in Northeastern Brazil it was possibly to the west.

The Carboniferous paleocurrent and ice-movement trends are suggestive of a territorial contiguity between Africa and South America. However, several data must be revised for stratigraphic control.

The Permian formations in the Paraná and Karroo basins had independent development without any direct connection as suggested by cross-bedding analysis. The occurrence ofMesosaurus in both basins is a strong argument of their close position at the time of sedimentation.

Mesozoic wind laid deposits occur in both continents from Upper Triassic to Lower Cretaceous time. The Triassic eolian sandstones were deposited by westerly paleowinds in middle latitude region at the time of continental contiguity. The Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous eolian sandstones were deposited after the separation between the continents had started. The paleowind pattern includes westerlies, trade-,and “return” tradewinds. This pattern is suggestive for the presence of the Southern Atlantic Ocean in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous time.

Sumário

No presente trabalho o problema da deriva continental é examinada do ponto de vista da análise das paleocorrentes. MediÇÕes de estratos cruzados em arenitos marinhos do Ordoviciano ao Devoniano, realizadas na áfrica e na América do Sul indicaram urn padrÃo de transporte periférico-radial. Êste padrÃo é sugestivo de uma justaposiÇÃo pretérita entre ambos continentes. A área fonte estaria localizada na regiÃo oriental da América do Sul e Ocidental da áfrica (figs. 8 e 9). Em ambos continentes as paleocorrentes fluiram a partir desta área comum. EvidÊncias de glaciaÇÃo Ordoviciana e/ou Siluriana indicam um movimento radial das massas de gÊlo a partir da mesma área fonte. No Sahara, o movimento do gÊlo no Caradociano fazia-se para o norte, enquanto que, na Provincia do Cabo era para o Sul, e no Nordeste do Brasil Êle provàvelmente dirigia-se para o oeste.

No Carbonifero, as paleocorrentes e tendÊncia do movimento das geleiras sÃo sugestivas de uma contiguidade territorial entre a América do Sul e áfrica. Contudo, várlos dados devem ser revisados para controle estratigráfico.

As formaÇÕes Permianas nas bacias do Paraná e do Karroo apresentam desenvolvimento independente. O estudo das paleocorrentes nÃo sugere qualquer ligaÇÃo direta. Entretanto, a ocorrÊncia deMesosaurus em ambas bacias, constitui forte argumenta a favor de maior proximidade entre elas na época de sedimentaÇÃo.

Os depósitos eólicos mesozóicos ocorrem em ambos continentes desde o Triássico Superior até o Cretáceo Inferior. Os arenitos eólicos Triássicos foram depositados em regiÃo de latitude média pelos paleoventos de oeste. Nésta época, ambos os continentes encontravam-se unidos. Os arenitos eólicos do Jurássico Superior-Cretáceo Inferior foram depositados após o início da separaÇÃo. O sistema de paleoventos inclui ventos de oeste, aliseos e aliseos de “retÔrno”. Êste padrÃo de circulaÇÃo aérea é sugestivo da presenÇa do Atlântico sul durante o Jurássico Superior — Cretáceo Inferior.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

с пОМОЩьУ АНАлИжА пАл ЕОтЕЧЕНИИ пРОВЕРИлИ гИпОтЕжУ кОНтИНЕНтАльНОгО ДРЕИФА УжНОИ ЧАстИ АФ РИкИ И УжНОИ АМЕРИкИ. МОРскИЕ ОтлОжЕНИь пЕ скА От ОРДОВИкА ДО ДЕВ ОНА ОстАВИлИ В УжНОИ АМЕР ИкЕ И АФРИкЕ пЕРИФЕРИЧЕс кИ-РАДИАльНУУ сЕть пЕ РЕНОсА. ЁтО УкАжыВАЕт НА тО, ЧтО кОгДА-тО ОБА ЁтИ МАтЕР ИкА пРИлЕгАлИ, И ЁтА сВ ьжь шлА ЧЕРЕж ОБлАсть ВОстОЧ НОИ БРАжИлИИ И жАпАДНОИ А ФРИкИ, т. к. НАпРАВлЕНИЕ пОтОкОВ НА ОБОИх МАтЕРИкАх ИсхОДИтсь Иж НАжВАНН ых ОБлАстЕИ (РИс. 8 И 9). пРИ ОлЕДЕНЕНИИ В ОРДО ВИкЕ И/ИлИ сИлУРЕ лЕДН Ик пРОДВИгАлсь Иж тОИ жЕ ОБлАстИ. НАпРАВлЕНИЕ тЕЧЕНИИ В пЕРИОД Caradoc шлО В сАхАРЕ НА сЕВЕР, В тО ВРЕМь, кАк лЕД В пРОВИН цИИ кАпштАтА — НА Уг, А В сЕВЕРОВОстОЧНОИ БРА жИлИИ, ВЕРОьтНО, НА жАпАД. НАпРАВлЕНИЕ тЕЧЕНИИ И пРОДВИжЕНИИ лЕДНИк ОВ В кАМЕННОУгОльНОМ пЕР ИОДЕ гОВОРИт В пОльжУ тЕРР ИтОРИАльНОгО ЕДИНст ВА АФРИкИ И УжНОИ АМЕРИкИ, ОДНАкО, жДЕсь тРЕБУЕтсь пРОВ ЕРИть ДАННыЕ стРАтИг РАФИИ. с пЕРМИ В БАссЕИНАх пА РАНы И кАРРУ ОтМЕЧАУт УжЕ НЕжАВИсИМОЕ РАжВИтИ Е НАжВАННых ОБлАстЕИ, Ч тО ВИДНО пО ДАННыМ ИжМ ЕРЕНИь кОсых НАплАстОВАНИИ. НАхОДкИ МЕжОжАВРОВ В ОБОИх БАссЕИНАх ьВль Етсь ВАжНыМ АРгУМЕНтОМ В пОльжУ пРИлЕгАНИь ЁтИх МАтЕ РИкОВ В пЕРИОД ОсАДкО НАкОплЕНИь. В МЕжОжОЕ От ВЕРхНЕгО тРИАсА ДО НИжНЕгО МЕл А ОтМЕЧАУтсь ЁОлОВыЕ О тлОжЕНИь. В тРИАсЕ ОтлОжЕНИь НА ОБОИ МАтЕРИкАх пРИНО сИл жАпАДНыИ ВЕтЕР ВДОль сРЕДНИх шИРОт, ЧтО Опьть гОВОР Ит О сВьжИ МАтЕРИкОВ. п ЕсЧАНИкИ ВЕРхНЕИ УРы И НИжНЕгО МЕлА стАлИ ОтклАДыВА тьсь пОслЕ РАсхОжДЕН Иь МАтЕРИкОВ. сИстЕМА пАлЕОВЕтРОВ УстАНОВИлА НАлИЧИЕ ж АпАДНых И пАссАтНых ВЕтРОВ. ЁтО гОВОРИт В пОльжУ сУЩЕ стВОВАНИь УжНОИ АтлА НтИкИ В пЕРИОД ВЕРхНЕИ УРы И НИжНЕгО МЕлА.

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  1. JoÃo José Bigarella

    Present address: Instituto de GeociÊncias, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 5078, Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil

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    Under the auspices of the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (Brasil), Geological Survey of South Africa, and Institute Algerien du Pétrole.

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    Bigarella, J.J. Paleocurrents and the problem of continental drift. Geol Rundsch 62, 447–477 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01840109

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