Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Creatine kinase in the dog: A review

  • Biochemistry
  • Published:
Veterinary Research Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the dog, creatine kinase (CK) is mostly present in the skeletal muscles, myocardium, brain and intestine. The MM isoenzyme predominates in muscles and myocardium. In plasma, reference values depend on the technique used and CK-MB accounts for about 30–45% of total CK activity. Sex has no influence on plasma CK activity, which is higher in young dogs than in adults. Plasma CK is elevated after physical exercise. After its release from the cells, CK reaches the plasma mostly via the lymphatic route and then remains in the plasma compartment. It is rapidly cleared with a half-life of about 2 hours. Muscle diseases are the main source of plasma CK elevations: inherited myopathies, malignant hyperthermia, hypothyroidism, vitamin E-selenium deficiency, prolonged decubitus, intramuscular injections, surgery, etc. Plasma CK is also increased in experimental myocardial infarction, for which the dog is an interesting model, allowing quantification of the damage by measuring the total CK activity released.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

ADP:

adenosine diphosphate

ATP:

adenosine triphosphate

CK:

creatine kinase

DGKC:

Deutsche Gesellschaft für klinische Chemie

IM:

intramuscular

IV:

intravenous

K m :

Michaelis constant

poly(A):

polyadenylate

RNA:

ribonucleic acid

mRNA:

messenger RNA

References

  • Abendschein, D., Morelli, R.L., Carlson, C.J., Emilson, B. and Rapaport, E., 1981. Creatine kinase MM isoenzyme subtype transformation after coronary artery occlusion in dogs.Circulation,64, (supplement IV), 153

    Google Scholar 

  • Abendschein, D.R., Morelli, R.L., Carlson, C.J., Emilson, B. and Rapaport, E., 1984. Creatine kinase MM isoenzyme subforms in myocardium, cardiac lymph and blood after coronary artery occlusion in dogs.Cardiovascular Research,18, 690–696

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, S.A., Williamson, J.R., Roberts, R., Clark, R.E. and Sobel, B.E., 1976. The association of increased plasma MB CPK activity and irreversible ischemic myocardial injury in the dog.Circulation,54, 187–193

    Google Scholar 

  • Amann, J.F., Tomlinson, J. and Hankison, J.K., 1985. Myotonia in a Chow Chow.Journal of the American Veternary Medical Association,187, 415–417

    Google Scholar 

  • Aronsohn, M.G., Schunk, K.L., Carpenter, J.L. and King, N.W., 1984. Clinical and pathologic features of thymoma in 15 dogs.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,184, 1355–1361

    Google Scholar 

  • Auguste, D., 1992. Utilisation pratique de la créatine-kinase plasmatique chez le chien: étapes préanalytiques et analytiques, disposition, valeurs usuelles et variations physiologiques, variations pathologiques et signification diagnostique (Thèse Doctorat Vétérinaire, Toulouse)

  • Auguste, D., Aktas, M., Fayolle, P., Lefebvre, H.P., Toutain, P.L. and Braun, J.P., 1992. Etude préliminaire de la cinétique plasmatique de la créatine kinase après administration intraveineuse ou intramusculaire chez le chien.Pratique Médicale et Chirurgicale de l'Animal de Compagnie,27, 399–403

    Google Scholar 

  • Balasz, T., Ohtake, S., Cummings, J.R. and Noble, J.F., 1969. Ventricular extrasystoles induced by epinephrine, nicotine, ethanol and vasopressin in dogs with myocardial lesions.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,15, 189–205

    Google Scholar 

  • Barr, S.C., 1984. Clinical features therapy and epidemiology of tiger snake bite in dogs and cats.Australian Veterinary Journal,61, 208–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Basson, C.T., Grace, A.M. and Roberts, R., 1985. Enzyme kinetics of a highly purified mitochondrial creatine kinase in comparison with cytosolic forms.Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry,67, 151–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, R.D., Alexander, G.M., Nguyen, T. and Albin, M.S., 1986. Quantification of cerebral infarct size by creatine kinase BB isoenzyme.Stroke,17, 254–260

    Google Scholar 

  • Bellucci, D., 1986. Sindrome miotonica in un cane di razza Chow Chow.Bollettino AIVPA,4, 313–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Billadello, J.J., Roman, D.G., Grace, A.M., Sobel, B.E. and Strauss, A.W., 1985. The nature of post-translational formation of MM creatine kinase isoforms.Journal of Biological Chemistry,260, 14988–14992

    Google Scholar 

  • Billadello, J.J., Kelly, D.P., Roman, D.G. and Strauss, A.W., 1986. The complete nucleotide sequence of canine brain B creatine kinase mRNA: homology in the coding and 3′ noncoding regions among species.Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications,138, 392–398

    Google Scholar 

  • Billadello, J.J., Fontanet, H.L., Strauss, A.W. and Abendschein, D.R., 1989. Characterization of MB creatine kinase isoform conversionin vitro andin vivo in dog.Journal of Clinical Investigation,83, 1637–1643

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjotvedt, G., Weems, C.W. and Foley, K., 1984. Strenuous exercise may cause health hazards for racing Greyhounds.Veterinary Medicine and Small Animal Clinician,79, 1481–1487

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolter, C.P. and Critz, J.B., 1974. Changes in plasma enzyme activities elicited by running exercise in the dog.Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,145, 1359–1362

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolter, C.P. and Critz, J.B., 1976a. Changes in thoracic and right duct lymph flow and enzyme content during skeletal muscle stimulation.Archives Internationales de Physiologie et de Biochimie,84, 115–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolter, C.P. and Critz, J.B., 1976b. Plasma enzyme levels in the anaesthetised dog during drainage of thoracic duct lymph.Enzyme,21, 30–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Bush, B.M., 1991.Interpretation of Laboratory Results for Small Animal Clinicians, (Blackwell Scientific, Oxford), 327–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J.A. and Klassen, G.A., 1977. The effect of propranolol on canine myocardial CPK distribution space and rate of disappearance.Circulation,56, 284–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Cairns, J.A., Missirlis, E. and Fallen, E.L., 1978. Myocardial infarction size from serial CPK: variability of CPK serum entry ratio with size and model of infarction.Circulation,58, 1143–1153

    Google Scholar 

  • Calvert, C.A., 1982. Valvular bacterial endocarditis in the dog.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,180, 1080–1084

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinet, H.G. cited by Freedland, R.A. and Kramer, J.W., 1970. Use of serum enzymes as aids to diagnosis.Advances in Veterinary Sciences and Comparative Medicine,14, 61–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Cardinet, H.G., 1989. Skeletal muscle function. In: J.J. Kaneko (ed.),Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals, (Academic Press, San Diego), 462–495

    Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, C.J., Meister, W., Emilson, B., Sheiner, L.B. and Rapaport, E., 1982. Clearance of serum creatine kinase activity.Cardiovascular Research,16, 66–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, J.L., Roberts, R.M., Harpster, N.K. and King, N.W., 1980. Intestinal and cardiopulmonary forms of parvovirus infection in a litter of pups.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,176, 1269–1273

    Google Scholar 

  • Chastain, C.B., 1982. Canine hypothyroidism.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,181, 349–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Clampitt, R.B. and Hart, R.J., 1978. The tissue activities of some diagnostic enzymes in ten mammalian species.Journal of Comparative Pathology,88, 607–621

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, G.L., Robison, A.K., Gnepp, D.R., Roberts, R. and Sobel, B.E., 1978. Effects of lymphatic transport of enzyme on plasma creatine kinase time-activity curves after myocardial infarction in dogs.Circulation Research,43, 162–169

    Google Scholar 

  • Connett, R.J., 1985.In vivo glycolytic equilibria in doggracilis muscle.Journal of Biological Chemistry,260, 3314–3320

    Google Scholar 

  • Connett, R.J., 1987. Cytosolic pH during a rest-to-work transition in red muscle: application of enzyme equilibria.American Journal of Physiology,63, 2360–2365

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, B.J., Winand, N.J., Stedman, H., Valentine, B.A., Hoffman, E.P., Kunkel, L.M., Scott, M.O., Fischbeck, K.H., Kornegay, J.N., Avery, R.J., Williams, J.R., Schmickel, R.D. and Sylvester, J.E., 1988. The homologue of the Duchenne locus is defective in X-linked muscular dystrophy of dogs.Nature,334, 154–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Core, D.M., Hoff, E.J. and Milton, J.L., 1983. Hindlimb hyperextension as a result ofToxoplasma gondii polyradiculitis.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,19, 713–716

    Google Scholar 

  • De Toma, G., Marzano, D., Salvatore, P., Cerza, F., De Cesare, E., Giacovazzo, M., Martelletti, P. and Antonucci, M., 1983. Enzymatic and metabolic changes in peripheral serum after superior mesenteric artery ligation in dogs.Italian Journal of Surgical Sciences,13, 269–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Devries, S.R., Sobel, B.E. and Abendschein, D.R., 1986. Early detection of myocardial reperfusion by assay of plasma MM-creatine kinase isoforms in dogs.Circulation,74, 567–572

    Google Scholar 

  • DiBartola, S.P. and Tasker, J.B., 1977. Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase: A study of 53 cases and a review of its diagnostic usefulness in clinical veterinary medicine.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,13, 744–753

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehsani, A., Gordon, A.E. and Burton, E.S., 1976. Effects of electrical countershock on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzyme activity.American Journal of Cardiology,37, 12–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A.K., Little, T., Masud, A.R.Z. and Klocke, F.J., 1985. Patterns of myoglobin release after reperfusion of injured myocardium.Circulation,72, 639–647

    Google Scholar 

  • Farrow, B.R.H. and Malik, R., 1981. Hereditary myotonia in the Chow Chow.Journal of Small Animal Practice,22, 451–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayolle, P., Lefebvre, H. and Braun, J.P., 1992. Effect of incorrect venepuncture on plasma creatine-kinase activity in dog and horse.British Veterinary Journal,148, 161–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Feola, M. and Glick, G., 1975. Cardiac lymph flow and composition in acute myocardial ischemia in dogs.American Journal of Physiology,229, 44–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedel, R., Bode, R., Trautschold, I. and Mattenheimer, H., 1976. Die Lymphe als Verteilungsraum für Zellenzyme. Verteilung und Transport von Zellenzymen im extrazellulären Raum.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,14, 119–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Geft, I.L., Fishbein, M.C., Ninomiya, K., Hashida, J., Chaux, E., Yano, J., Y-Rit, J., Genov, T., Shell, W. and Ganz, W., 1982. Intermittent brief periods of ischemia have a cumulative effect and may cause myocardial necrosis.Circulation,66, 1150–1153

    Google Scholar 

  • George, S., Ishikawa, Y. and Roberts, R., 1982. Molecular basis for multiple forms of MM creatine kinase in plasma.Circulation,66, part II, 203 (abstract)

    Google Scholar 

  • George, S., Ishikawa, Y., Perryman, M.B. and Roberts, R., 1984. Purification and characterization of naturally occurring andin vitro induced multiple forms of MM creatine kinase.Journal of Biological Chemistry,259, 2667–2674

    Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, G.M., Cafferty, P.J., Reardon, M.J., Curley, C.P. and Harmon, J.W., 1980. Elevations of serum creatine phosphokinase in experimental mesenteric infarction.Surgical Forum,31, 148–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Graeber, G.M., Cafferty, P.J., Reardon, M.J., Curley, C.P., Ackerman, N.B. and Harmon, J.W., 1981. Changes in serum total creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and its isoenzymes caused by experimental ligation of the superior mesenteric artery.Annals of Surgery,193, 499–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, C.E., Lorenz, M.D., Munnell, J.F., Prasse, K.W., White, N.A. and Bowen, J.M., 1979. Myopathy associated with hyperadrenocorticism in the dog.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,174, 1310–1315

    Google Scholar 

  • Greene, C.E., Cook, J.R. and Mahafey, E.A., 1985. Clindamycin for treatment of toxoplasma polymyositis in a dog.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,187, 631–634

    Google Scholar 

  • Grevel, V., Opitz, M., Steeb, C. and Skrodzki, M., 1993. Myopathie infloge Kaliummangels bie acht Katzen und einem Hund.Berliner und Münchener Tierärtzliche Wochenschrift,106, 20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths, L.R. and Duncan, I.D., 1973. Myotonia in the dog: a report of four cases.Veterinary Record,93, 184–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Guy, P.S. and Snow, D.H., 1981. Skeletal muscle fibre composition in the dog and its relationship to athletic ability.Research in Veterinary Sciences,31, 244–248

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargis, A.M., Haupt, K.H., Hegreberg, G.A., Prieur, D.J. and Moore, M.P., 1984. Familial canine dermatomyositis. Initial characterization of the cutaneous and muscular lesions.American Journal of Pathology,116, 234–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Hargis, A.M., Haupt, K.H., Prieur, D.J. and Moore, M.P., 1985. A skin disorder in three sheepdogs: comparison with familial canine dermatomyositis of Collies.Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,7, 306–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, H., Grace, A.M., Billadello, J.J., Gross, R.W., Strauss, A.W. and Sobel, B.E., 1984. Nondenaturing quantification of subforms of canine MM creatine kinase isoenzymes (isoforms) and their interconversion.Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine,103, 470–484

    Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto, H., Abendschein, D.R., Strauss, A.W. and Sobel, B.E., 1985. Early detection of myocardial infarction in conscious dogs by analysis of plasma MM creatine kinase isoforms.Circulation,71, 363–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Haupt, K.H., Prieur, D.J., Hargis, A.M., Cowell, R.L., McDonald, T.L., Werner, L.L. and Evermann, J.F., 1985. Familial canine dermatomyositis: clinicopathologic, immunologic, and serologic studies.American Journal of Veterinary Research,46, 1870–1875

    Google Scholar 

  • Heffron, J.J.A., Bomzon, L. and Pattinson, R.A., 1976. Observations on plasma creatine phosphokinase activity in dogs.Veterinary Record,98, 338–340

    Google Scholar 

  • Heng, M.K., Singh, B.N., Norris, R.N., John, M.B. and Elliot, R., 1976. Relationship between epicardial ST-segment elevation and myocardial ischemic damage after experimental coronary artery occlusion in dogs.Journal of Clinical Investigation,58, 1317–1326

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, P.D., Bloor, C.M. and Sobel, B.E., 1970. Increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity in experimental pulmonary embolism.American Journal of Cardiology,26, 151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermens, W.Th., van der Veen, F.H., Willems, G.M. and Reneman, R.S., 1990. Letter to the editor.Circulation,81, 1719–1720

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, J.W., MacDonald, R.P. and Frederick, R.I., 1964. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) activity in disorders of heart and skeletal muscle.Annals of Internal Medicine,61, 1015–1028

    Google Scholar 

  • Higginson, L.A.J., Beanlands, D.S., Nair, R.C., Temple, V. and Sheldrick, K., 1983. The time course and characterization of myocardial hemorrhage after coronary reperfusion in the anesthetized dog.Circulation,67, 1024–1031

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, F.W.G., 1979. Snake bite in dogs.Australian Veterinary Journal,55, 82–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilppö, M., 1986. Some haematological and clinical-chemical parameters of sight hounds (Afghan hound, Saluki and Whippet).Nordiske Veterinaer Medicin,38, 148–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinchcliff, K.W., Olson, J., Crusberg, C., Kenyon, J., Long, R., Royle, W., Weber, W. and Burr, J., 1993. Serum biochemical changes in dogs competing in a long-distance sled race.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,202, 401–405

    Google Scholar 

  • Hjelms, E., Hansen, B.F., Waldorff, S. and Steiness, E., 1987. Evaluation of increased serum creatine kinase as an indicator of irreversible myocardial damage in dogs.Scandinavian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery,21, 165–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann, W.E. and Dorner, J.L., 1975. Creatine phosphokinase: current concepts and speculation regarding its use in veterinary medicine.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,11, 451–452

    Google Scholar 

  • Holloway, S.A. and Parry, B.W., 1989. Observations on blood coagulation after snakebite in dogs and cats.Australian Veterinary Journal,66, 364–366

    Google Scholar 

  • Hørder, M., Elser, R.C., Gerhardt, W., Mathieu, M. and Sampson, E.J., 1991. Approved recommendation on IFCC methods for the measurement of catalytic concentration of enzymes. Part 7. IFCC method for creatine kinase (ATP: creatineN-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.3.2.2).European Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,29, 435–456

    Google Scholar 

  • Ilkiw, J.E., Davis, P.E. and Church, D.B., 1989. Hematologic, biochemical, blood-gas and acid-base values in Greyhounds before and after exercise.American Journal of Veterinary Research,50, 583–586

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingwall, J.S., 1984. The hypertrophied myocardium accumulates the MB-creatine kinase isoenzyme.European Heart Journal,5 (supplement F), 129–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, R.M., Weiser, M.G., Hall, R.L. and Kowalski, J.J., 1980. Clinopathologic features of canine parvoviral enteritis.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,16, 809–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, R.M., Murtaugh, R.J. and DeHoff, W.D., 1985. Review of the clinicopathological findings of acute pancreatitis in the dog: Use of an experimental model.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,21, 795–800

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.N., Sammel, N.L. and Norris, R.M., 1981. Depletion of myocardial creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, myoglobin and K+ after coronary artery ligation in dogs.Cardiovascular Research,15, 529–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, R.N., Neutze, J.M., Kerr, A.R. and Gillain, B., 1983. Serum myoglobin concentration as an index of myocardial damage after cardiac surgery.International Journal of Cardiology,4, 33–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B.R., Anderson, L.J., Barnes, G.R.G., Johnstone, A.C. and Juby, W.D., 1977. Myotonia in related Chow Chow dogs.New Zealand Veterinary Journal,25, 217–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaelin, S., Watson, A.D.J. and Church, D.B., 1986. Hypothyroidism in the dog: a retrospective study of sixteen cases.Journal of Small Animal Practice,27, 533–539

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaspar, L.V. and Norris, W.P., 1977. Serum chemistry values of normal dogs (Beagles): association with age, sex, and family line.Laboratory Animal Sciences,27, 980–985

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, P., 1979. Enzymaktivitäten bei kleinen Haus- und Laboratoriumstieren: Organanalysen, Plasmaspiegel und intrazelluläre Verteilung.Kleinterpraxis,24, 51–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, P., 1981. Enzyme activities in the dog: tissue analysis, plasma values, and intracellular distribution.American Journal of Veterinary Research,42, 575–582

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, P. and Freudiger, U., 1984. Enzymaktivitäten im Urin, im Liquor cerebrospinalis, in der Blasengalle, im Speichel und im Ejakulat des Hundes.Kleinterpraxis,29, 15–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Keller, P. and Wall, M., 1982. Plasma-enzymaktivitäten beim Hund: Enfluss von Alter und Geschlecht.Schweizer Archiv für Tierheilkunde,124, 83–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, M.J., Dowell, R.T. and Yunice, A.A., 1980. Comparison of renal and cardiac lymph constituents.Lymphology,13, 158–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyl, M.J., Chang, A.C.K. and Dowell, R.T., 1981. Constituents of lymph from the non-secreting stomach of the dog.Lymphology,14, 118–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuta, Y. and Onishi, T., 1986. The contribution of intestinal creatine kinase to serum creatine kinase activity and its isoenzymes in dogs.Japanese Journal of Veterinary Sciences,48, 547–551

    Google Scholar 

  • Kikuta, Y. and Onishi, T., 1987. Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in dogs (in Japanese).Journal of the Japanese Veterinary Medical Association,40, 26–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirmayer, A.H., Klide, A.M. and Purvance, J.E., 1984. Malignant hyperthermia in a dog: case report and review of the syndrome.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,185, 978–982

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitagawa, H., Kano, M., Sasaki, Y. and Hirano, Y., 1991. Serum creatine kinase activities in dogs with dirofilariasis.Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Science,53, 569–575

    Google Scholar 

  • Klein, M.S., Shell, W.E. and Sobel, B.E., 1973. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) isoenzymes after intramuscular injections, surgery, and myocardial infarction. Experimental and clinical studies.Cardiovascular Research,7, 412–418

    Google Scholar 

  • Knob, M. and Seidl, I., 1980. Creatine kinase and its isoenzymes in dog sera.Clinical Chimica Acta,106, 287–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolc, J., Mrhova, O. and Malek, P., 1979. Effect of mercurascan on the lymphatic transport of enzymes from ischaemic tissues. In: Malek, P. (ed.),Lymphology, Proceedings of the VIth International Congress Prague (Thieme, Stuttgart), 225–226

  • Kopprasch, S., Orlik, H. and Scheuch, D.W., 1985. Kinetic aspects of enzyme activity changes in blood plasma during canine hemorrhagic shock.Enzyme,34, 122–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornegay, J.N., 1986. Golden retriever myopathy. In: R.W. Kirk (ed.),Current Veterinary Therapy, (W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia), 792–794

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornegay, J.N., Gorgacz, E.J., Dawe, D.L., Bowen, J.M., White, N.A. and DeBuysscher, E.V., 1980. Polymyositis in dogs.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,176, 431–438

    Google Scholar 

  • Kornegay, J.N., Tuler, S.M., Miller, D.M. and Levesque, D.C., 1988. Muscular dystrophy in a litter of golden retriever dogs.Muscle and Nerve,11, 1056–1064

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H., 1988. Contribution à l'étude de lamyasthenia gravis chez le chien. (Thèse de Doctorat Vétérinaire, Toulouse)

  • Lefebvre, H., 1990. Myasthénie grave acquise chez les carnivores domestiques.Le Point Vétérinaire,22, 13–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Leunis, J.C., 1974. La créatine phosphokinase et les isoenzymes de la LDH dans les plaquettes de l'homme et du chien.Acta Clinica Belgie,29, 132–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, H.B. and Rhodes, D.C., 1978. Effects of I.M. injections on serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values in dogs.Veterinary Clinical Pathology,7, 11–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Küpper, W., Friedel, R. and Trautschold, I., 1979. Lymphatic transport of cellular enzymes from muscle into the intravascular compartment.Enzyme,24, 120–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Küpper, W. and Trautschold, I., 1982a. Effect of transient hypoxia in skeletal muscle on enzyme activities in lymph and plasma.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,20, 95–102

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Küpper, W. and Trautschold, I., 1982b. Enzymatic composition of canine leg lymph.Enzyme,28, 18–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Sommerfeld, U., Höpfel, C., Wolkersdorfer, R. and Trautschold, I., 1983. Enzyme activities in blood cells of man and dogs after separation on a discontinuous Percoll gradient.Enzyme,29, 100–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Küpper, W. and Trautschold, I., 1984. Enzyme activities in thoracic duct lymph and plasma of anaesthetized, conscious resting and exercising dogs.European Journal of Applied Physiology,52, 188–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Diederichs, F., Wittenberg, H. and Trautschold, I., 1986a. Kinetic of adjustment of enzyme catalytic concentrations in the extracellular space of the man, the dog and the rat.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,24, 61–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Küpper, W. and Trautschold, I., 1986b. Catalytic enzyme activity concentration in thoracic duct, liver, and intestinal lymph of the dog, the rabbit, the rat and the mouse.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,24, 19–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J., Sommerfeld, U., Höpfel, C. and Trautschold, I., 1986c. Catalytic enzyme activity concentration in tissues of man, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,24, 35–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J. and Trautschold, I., 1983. Enzymes in lymph: a review.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,21, 327–346

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindena, J. and Trautschold, I., 1986. Catalytic enzyme activity concentration in plasma of man, sheep, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, rat and mouse.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,24, 11–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenz, M.D., Scott, D.W. and Pulley, L.T., 1973. Medical treatment of canine hyperadrenocorticoidism with op'-DDD.Cornell Veterinarian,63, 646–665

    Google Scholar 

  • Malmberg, P., 1972. Time course of enzyme escape via heart lymph following myocardial infarction in the dog.Scandinavian Journal of Clinical Laboratory Investigation,30, 405–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Maroko, P.R., Libby, P., Ginks, W.R., Bloor, C.M., Shell, W.E., Sobel, B.E. and Ross, J., 1971. Coronary artery reperfusion; I: Early effects on local myocardial function and the extent of myocardial necrosis.Journal of Clinical Investigation,51, 2710–2716

    Google Scholar 

  • Mattheeuws, D.R., Verhaeghe, B.J., Borghijs, H. and Comhaire, F., 1990. The significance of alkaline phosphatase activity in dog semen and accessory sex glands.Proceedings of the IVth Congress International Society for Animal Clinical Biochemistry, 171–178

  • Mehta, H.B., Popovich, B.K. and Dillmann, W.H., 1987. Comparison of creatine kinase M and B subunit, mRNAs and isoenzyme activity in ischemic dog myocardium.Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology,19 (supplement 4), S22.

  • Mehta, H.B., Popovich, B.K. and Dillmann, W.H., 1988. Ischemia induces changes in the level of mRNAs coding for stress protein 71 and creatine kinase M.Circulation Research,63, 512–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Michael, L.H., 1981. Cardiac lymph: monitor of myocardial membrane and vascular alterations.Life Sciences,29, 1495–1505

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickelson, J.K., Carlson, C.J., Kaysen, G.A. and Rapaport, E., 1985. Creatine kinase: purification, characterization, and tissue distribution of the MM subtypes.Clinica Chimica Acta,153, 181–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Mogelson, S., Davidson, J., Sobel, B.E. and Roberts, R., 1980. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on infarct size in the conscious animal.European Journal of Cardiology,12, 135–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes, A.M., Gutiérrez-Panizo, C., Garcia-Partida, P. and Prieto, F., 1987. CK-MB, LDH y ASAT en perros de distintas edades con infarto de miocardio.Annales Veterinaria (Murtia),2, 101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Moran, M.M., Siegel, R.J., Said, J.W. and Fishbein, M.C., 1985. Demonstration of myoglobin and CK-M in myocardium. Comparison of five fixation methods and three immunohistochemical techniques.Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry,33, 1110–1115

    Google Scholar 

  • Muller, G.H., Kirk, R.W. and Scott, D.W., 1983.Small Animal Dermatology, 3rd edn. (WB Saunders, Philadelphia), 547–560

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, N., Chiu, C.C., Yamaoki, K., Ohuchi, Y., Ueda, S., Imataka, K. and Yazaki, Y., 1983. Evaluation of methods for estimating infarct size by myosin LC2: comparison with cardiac enzymes.American Journal of Physiology,245, H413-H419

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, P.J., Forsyth, G.W., Olexson, D.W., Thatte, H.S. and Addis, P.B., 1984. Canine malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: erythrocytic defects, osmotic fragility, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis.Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine,48, 381–389

    Google Scholar 

  • O'Brien, P.J., Pook, H.A., Britt, B.A., Kalow, B.I., McLaughlin, R.N., Scott, E. and Elliott, M.E., 1990. Canine stress syndrome/malignant hyperthermia susceptibility: calcium-homeostasis defect in muscle and lymphocytes.Research in Veterinary Sciences,48, 124–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Oostenbroek, R.J., Willems, G.M., Boumans, M.L.L., Soeters, P.B. and Hermens, W.T., 1985. Liver damage as a potential source of error in the estimation of myocardial infarct size from plasma creatine kinase activity.Cardiovascular Research,19, 113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Otsu, N., Hirata, M., Tuboi, S. and Miyazawa, K., 1989. Immunocytochemical localization of creatine kinase M in canine myocardial cells: most creatine kinase M is distributed in the A-band.Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry,37, 1465–1470

    Google Scholar 

  • Panciera, D.L., 1990. Canine hypothyroidism. Part I. Clinical findings and control of thyroid hormone secretion and metabolism.Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian,12, 689–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Payrière, M., Lefebvre, H. and Braun, J.P., 1991. Effets du délai avant centrifugation et de l'hémolyse sur l'activité de la créatine kinase plasmatique chez le cheval et le chien.Revue de Médecine Vétérinaire,142, 749–751

    Google Scholar 

  • Perryman, M.B., Strauss, A.W., Buettner, T.L. and Roberts, R., 1983. Molecular heterogeneity of creatine kinase isoenzymes.Biochimica et Biophysica Acta,747, 284–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Perryman, M.B., Knell, J.D. and Roberts, R., 1984a. Molecular mechanism for the production of multiple forms of MM creatine kinase.Experimentia,40, 1275–1277

    Google Scholar 

  • Perryman, M.B., Knell, J.D. and Roberts, R., 1984b. Carboxypeptidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of C-terminal lysine: mechanism forin vivo production of multiple forms of creatine kinase in plasma.Clinical Chemistry,30, 662–664

    Google Scholar 

  • Preus, M., Karsten, B. and Bhargava, A.S., 1989. Serum isoenzyme pattern of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in various animal species.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,27, 787–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapaport, E., 1975. The fractional disappearance rate of the separate isoenzymes of creatine phosphokinase in the dog.Cardiovascular Research,9, 473–477

    Google Scholar 

  • Ready, A.E. and Morgan, G., 1984. The physiological response of Siberian Husky dogs to exercise: effect of interval training.Canadian Veterinary Journal,25, 86–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. and Grace, A.M., 1980. Purification of mitochondrial creatine kinase.Journal of Biological Chemistry,255, 2870–2877

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. and Ishikawa, Y., 1983. Enzymatic estimation of infarct size during reperfusion.Circulation,68 (supplement 1), 83–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R. and Sobel, B.E., 1977. Effect of selected drugs and myocardial infarction on the disappearance of creatine kinase from the circulation in conscious dogs.Cardiovascular Research,11, 103–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, R., Henry, P.D. and Sobel, B.E., 1975. An improved basis for enzymatic estimation of infarct size.Circulation,52, 743–754

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, C.R. and Starmer, C.F., 1975. A sensitivity analysis of enzymatic estimation of infarct size.Circulation,52, 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  • Roe, C.R., Cobb, F.R. and Starmer, C.F., 1977. The relationship between enzymatic and histologic estimates of the extent of myocardial infarction in conscious dogs with permanent coronary occlusion.Circulation,55, 438–449

    Google Scholar 

  • Roman, D., Billadello, J., Gordon, J., Grace, A., Sobel, B. and Strauss, A., 1985. Complete nucleotide sequence of dog heart creatine kinase mRNA: conservation of amino acid sequence within and among species.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA,82, 8394–8398

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosalki, S.B., 1967. An improved procedure for serum creatine phosphokinase determination.Journal of Laboratory Clinical Medicine,69, 696–705

    Google Scholar 

  • Saks, V.A., Kupriyanov, V.V., Elizarova, G.V. and Jacobus, W.E., 1980. Studies of energy transport in heart cells. The importance of creatine kinase localization for the coupling of mitochondrial phosphorylcreatine production to oxidative phosphorylation.Journal of Biological Chemistry,255, 755–763

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, T.M. and Bloor, C.M., 1975. Effects of endurance exercise on serum enzyme activities in the dog, pig and man.Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine,148, 823–828

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt, R.E. and Booker, J.L., 1982. Effect of different surgical stresses on hematological and blood chemistry values in dogs.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,18, 758–762

    Google Scholar 

  • Schole, J., Sallmann, H.P., Brass, W., Kersten, U., Schütt, I., Delbrück, A., Trautwein, G., Messow, C., Amtsberg, G., Kirchhoff, H., Döhler, K.D. and Rapp, K.G., 1982. Experimentelle Untersuchunzen zum Bindegewebsstoffwechsel des Hundes bei unterschiedlichen Haltungs und Fütterungs-Bedingungen, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Endokardiose.Zentralblatt für Veterinär Medizin,29, 253–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Shell, W.E., Kjekshus, J.K. and Sobel, B.E., 1971. Quantitative assessment of the extent of myocardial infarction in the conscious dog by means of analysis of serial changes in serum creatine phosphokinase activity.Journal of Clinical Investigation,50, 2614–2625

    Google Scholar 

  • Shell, W.E., Lavelle, J.F., Covell, J.W. and Sobel, B.E., 1973. Early estimation of myocardial damage in conscious dogs and patients with evolving acute myocardial infarction.Journal of Clinical Investigation,52, 2579–2590

    Google Scholar 

  • Shires, P.K., Nafe, L.A. and Hulse, D.A., 1983. Myotonia in a Staffordshire Terrier.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,183, 229–232

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, S.T. and Braund, K.G., 1985. Myotonic dystrophy-like disease in a dog.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,186, 495–498

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, U. and Kraft, H., 1989. Biologische Rhythmen beim Hund.Kleintierpraxis,34, 167–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Sneddon, J.C., Minnaar, P.P., Grosskopf, J.F.W. and Groeneveld, H.T., 1989. Physiological and blood biochemical responses to submaximal treadmill exercise in Canaan dogs before, during and after training.Journal of the South African Veterinary Association,60, 87–91

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.H. and Watson, D.J., 1973. The acute toxicity of dichlorvos in the dog: 1. Clinical observations and clinical pathology.Australian Veterinary Journal,49, 113–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.H., Harris, R.C. and Stuttard, E., 1988. Changes in haematology and plasma biochemistry during maximal exercise in greyhounds.Veterinary Record,123, 487–489

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, B.E., Markham, J., Karlsberg, R.P. and Roberts, R., 1977. The nature of disappearance of creatine kinase from the circulation and its influence on enzymatic estimation of infarct size.Circulation Research,41, 836–844

    Google Scholar 

  • Sobel, B.E., Roberts, R. and Larson, K.B., 1976. Estimation of infarct size from serum MB creatine phosphokinase activity: applications and limitations.American Journal of Cardiology,37, 474–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Sottiaux, J., 1986. Cardiomyopathie dilatée chez un chien.Le Point Vétérinaire,18, 591–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Steiss, J.E. and Forsyth, G., 1984. Effect of electromyography on serum creatine kinase values in clinically normal dogs and horses.American Journal of Veterinary Research,45, 1199–1200

    Google Scholar 

  • Stolle, D. and Rick, W., 1976. An improved method for the determination of creatine kinase activity in serum.Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry,14, 239–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Swain, J.L., Cobb, F.R., McHale, P.A. and Roe, C.R., 1980. Nonlinear relationship between creatine kinase estimates and histologic extent of infarction in conscious dogs: effects of regional myocardial blood flow.Circulation,62, 1239–1247

    Google Scholar 

  • Takahashi, K. and Kako, K.J., 1983. The effect of a calcium channel antagonist, Nisoldipine, on the ischemia-induced change of canine sarcolemmal membrane.Basic Research in Cardiology,78, 326–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, K.M., Devlin, B.J., Mittra, S.M., Gillan, J.G., Brannan, J.J. and McKenna, J.M., 1980. Assessment of cerebral damage during open-heart surgery. A new experimental model.Scandinavian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery,14, 197–203

    Google Scholar 

  • Teske, R.H., Bishop, S.P., Righter, H.F. and Detweiler, D.K., 1976. Subacute digoxin toxicosis in the Beagle Dog.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,35, 283–301

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, J.S., Bragg, L.E. and West, W.W., 1990. Serum enzyme levels during intestinal ischemia.Annals of Surgery,211, 369–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaagenes, P., Safar, P., Diven, W., Moossy, J., Rao, G., Cantadore, R. and Kelsey, S., 1988. Brain enzyme levels in CSF after cardiac arrest and resuscitation in dogs: markers of damage and predictors of outcome.Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism,8, 262–275

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, B.A., Cooper, B.J., Cummings, J.F. and de Lahunta, A., 1986. Progressive muscular dystrophy in a golden retriever dog: light microscope and ultrastructural features at 4 and 8 months.Acta Neuropathologica,71, 301–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, B.A., Cooper, B.J., de Lahunta, A., O'Quinn, R. and Blue, J.T., 1988. Canine X-linked muscular dystrophy. An animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy: clinical studies.Journal of Neurological Sciences,88, 69–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, B.A., Blue, J.T. and Cooper, B.J., 1989. The effect of exercise on canine dystrophic muscle.Annals of Neurology,26, 588

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, B.A., Blue, J.T., Shelley, S.M. and Cooper, B.J., 1990. Increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity associated with muscle necrosis in the dog.Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine,4, 140–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Vleet, J.F., 1975. Experimentally induced vitamin E-selenium deficiency in the growing dog.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,166, 769–774

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, M.P., Krill, M.T.A., Willems, G.M. and Hermens, W.T.H., 1982. Plasma volume determination by use of enzyme dilution in the dog.Laboratory Animals,16, 248–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W., 1976. Serum creatine phosphokinase in the canine.Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association,12, 522–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W. and Stevens, J.B., 1977. Effects of blood contamination on cerebrospinal fluid analysis.Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association,171, 256–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, J.W. and Wiltrout, S.K., 1976. Cerebrospinal fluid creatine phosphokinase in the normal dog.American Journal of Veterinary Research,37, 1099–1100

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolford, S.T., Schroer, R.A., Gohs, F.X., Gallo, P.P., Brodeck, M., Falk, H.B. and Ruhren, R., 1986. Reference range data base for serum chemistry and hematology values in laboratory animals.Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health,18, 161–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda, J. and Too, K., 1983. Studies on serum creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme. Seven cases of tetraplegia in the dog.Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research,31, 115–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Zink, W., 1978. Die Veränderung der Aktiväten muskelspezifischer Enzyme im Serum im Zusammenhang mit der intramuskulären Verabreichung von Medikamenten bei Hunden (Inaugural Dissertation, Tierärztliche Hochschule, Munich)

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiopathology and URA INRA Experimental Physiopathology and Toxicology, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31076, Toulouse Cedex, France

    M. Aktas, D. Auguste, H. P. Lefebvre, P. L. Toutain & J. P. Braun

Authors
  1. M. Aktas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. D. Auguste
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. P. Lefebvre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. P. L. Toutain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. J. P. Braun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Aktas, M., Auguste, D., Lefebvre, H.P. et al. Creatine kinase in the dog: A review. Vet Res Commun 17, 353–369 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01839386

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01839386

Keywords

Search

Navigation