Zusammenfassung
Plio-Pleistozäne Sedimentation im Nord-Atlantik (DSDP Site 552-Hole 552 A): Entstehung von Kalk-Mergel-Zyklen.
Pliozäne Sedimente vom Rockall Plateau (NE Atlantik), die vor Beginn der nordhemisphärischen Vereisung (2.4 Ma) abgelagert wurden, bestehen aus Kalkschlämmen, die jüngeren Ablagerungen hingegen aus Kalk-Mergel-Wechselfolgen. Während der jungpliozänen-quartären Kaltzeiten nahm die Akkumulationsrate von pelagischem Karbonat um den Faktor 2–3 ab, während die Akkumulationsrate von klastischem, i. W. eisverdriftetem Material um den gleichen Faktor zunahm.
Karbonatlösung ist in quartären, interglazialen Kalkschlämmen am stärksten und gering in glazialen Mergeln. In jungpliozänen Kalk-Mergel-Wechselfolgen hingegen wurde das Gegenteil beobachtet: stärkere Lösung in Glazial- als in Interglazialzeiten. Die Karbonatlösung wird durch Zufuhr organischer Substanz aus dem Oberflächenwasser hervorgerufen.
Die präglazialen pliozänen Kalkschlämme zeigen Lösungszyklen, die aber nicht zur Bildung von Mergeln führten.
Die Benthos-Foraminiferen-Fauna läßt den Schluß zu, daß in spätquartären Interglazialzeiten das Bodenwasser im Gebiet von Site 552 von nordatlantischem Tiefenwasser geprägt war. Während des Überganges von Glazial- zu Interglazialzeiten wurden größere Mengen von Wasser aus der Labradorsee beigemischt. In spätquartären Glazialzeiten nahm die Zufuhr antarktischen Bodenwassers deutlich zu. Im Jungpoliozän und Altquartär hingegen war der maximale Einfluß antarktischen Bodenwassers in Interglazialzeiten.
Karbonatlösungszyklen und der maximale Einfluß von antarktischem Bodenwasser korrelieren nicht. Lösungszyklen sind durch die Produktion im Oberflächenwasser, nicht durch Bodenwasserzirkulation gesteuert.
Vulkanisches Material kommt als dunkle, basaltische und helle, silikatreiche Asche und Glas vor. Basaltisches Material kommt in allen glazialen Sedimenten vor, während helles vulkanisches Material auch in einigen interglazialen und vorglazialen Sedimenten auftritt, die kein eisverdriftetes Material enthalten. Äolische Zufuhr wird für diese Aschen angenommen.
Abstract
Pliocene sediments from the Rockall Plateau (Northeast Atlantic) older than 2.4 my, the onset of northern Hemisphere glaciation, consist of calcareous oozes and thereafter Plio-Pleistocene sediments consist of ooze-marl cycles. The marls are formed through the addition of icerafted detritus to marine carbonates. The two-to threefold increase in glacial terrigenous matter accumulation is balanced by a concomitant reduction in carbonate accumulation. Carbonate dissolution is strongest in Quaternary interglacial oozes and weak in glacial marls, while the reverse is found in the late Pliocene: strong dissolution in glacial marls and weak dissolution in interglacial oozes. Carbonate dissolution is tied to the introduction of organic matter from surface water productivity. Pliocene preglacial calcareous oozes show carbonate dissolution cycles, which did not however lead to the formation of marly sediments.
The composition of the benthic foraminiferal faunas indicates that during interglacial times of the late Quaternary Site 552 was occupied by North Atlantic Deep Water into which greater amounts of Labrador Sea water are entrained during glacial-interglacial transitions while during glacial periods the entrainment of Antarctic Bottom Water increases. During the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene maximal e ntrainment of AABW occurred during interglacial times.
Dissolution cycles are out-of-phase with the peak occurrences of AABW and are thus primarily controlled by surface productivity, rather than by bottom water circulation.
Volcanic matter is found as dark basaltic grains and as light siliceous ash and glass. Dark volcanics are present in all glacial sediments. Light ash occurs also in some interglacial and preglacial sediments which are free of ice-rafted debris. Eolian transport is suggested for such ashes.
Résumé
Sur le plateau de Rockall (NE de l'Atlantique), les sédiments pliocénes qui se sont déposés avant le début de la glaciation de l'hémisphère nord (2,4 MA) consistent en boues calcaires, tandis que les dépôts plus jeunes montrent une alternance de boues calcaires et de marnes. Les marnes résultent de l'addition aux carbonates marins de débris transportés par les glaces. L'augmentation (d'un facteur 2 à 3) de l'accumulation des matériaux terrigènes est contrebalancée par une réduction correspondante de l'accumulation du carbonate. Dans les dépôts quaternaires la dissolution des carbonates est marquée dans les boues interglaciaires et faible dans les marnes glaciaires; la situation est inverse dans les dépôts du Pliocène supérieur. La dissolution du carbonate est en relation avec l'introduction de matières organiques provenant des eaux de surface. Les boues calcaires pliocénes pré-glaciaires montrent des cycles de dissolution du carbonate, qui n'aboutissent cependant pas à la formation de sédiments marneux.
La composition de la faune de foraminifères benthiques indique que, pendant les périodes interglaciaires du Quaternaire récent, le site 552 était occupé par de l'eau profonde nord-atlantique, qu'au cours des transitions glaciaires-interglaciaires il était envahi par de grandes quantités d'eau de la Mer du Labrador et que les épisodes glaciaires étaient marqués par une arrivée accrue d'eau des fonds antarctiques. Par contre, au Pliocène supérieur et au Quaternaire ancien, l'afflux maximal des eaux des fonds antarctiques se produisait pendant les épisodes interglaciaires.
Il n'y a pas de corrélation entre les cycles de dissolution et les maxima d'afflux d'eau profonde antarctique, de sorte que ces cycles sont régis par la productivité des eaux de surface et non par la circulation des eaux de fond.
Des matériaux volcaniques sont présents, sous la forme de grains basaltiques et de cendres et fragments siliceux. Les grains basaltiques existent dans tous les sédiments glaciaires; les cendres légères existent également dans certains sédiments interet préglaciaires dépourvus de débris transportés par la glace. Ces cendres peuvent avoir fait l'objet d'un transport éolien.
Краткое содержание
Плиоценовые седимен ты плато Rockall (северо-вост очная Атлантика), отложивши еся до начала оледене ния северного полушария, т.е. 2,4 Ма тому назад, состоят из известков ых илов, а более поздни е отложения — из перемежающихся г оризонтов известняк а и мергеля. Во время ранн его плиоценового до четвертичного похолодания скорост ь накопления пелагич еских карбонатов понизила сь на фактор 2–3, в то же время скорость накоп ления кластики, прино симой дрейфующими льдинам и, увеличилась на тот ж е фактор.
Карбонатные раствор ы проявляют наивысшу ю концентрацию в извес тковых илах четверти чных межледниковых периодов, а в ледников ых мергелях они играют только второс тепенную роль. Но в раннеплиоценовых известково-мергелев ых свитах наблюдаетс я обратное взаимоотно шение: в ледниковые пе риоды концентрации раство ров выше, чем в межледн иковые. Карбонатные раствор ы образовались в резу льтате приноса органическо го вещества из верхни х горизонтов вод.
В до-ледниковых плиоц еновых известковых и лах концентрация раство ров образует циклы, но к появлению мергелей не доходит.
По фораминиферам бен тосной фауны можно за ключить, что в позднечетверти чных межледниковых периодах придонные в оды в регионе местопо ложения 552 подвергались влияни ю северо-антлатическ их глубинных вод. Во время перехода от ледниковых к межле дниковым периодам к ним примеш ивались большие количества вод, идущи х от лабрадорского мо ря. При позднечетвертичных оледенениях увеличи вается приток антарктических прид онных вод. В раннем пли оцене и позднем четвертичн ом периоде наибольше е влияние антарктичес ких вод имело место во время межледниковых перио дов.
Карбонатные циклы и м аксимальное влияние антарктических вод н е проявляют корреляц ии. Эти циклы управляются не циркуляцией придонн ых вод, а продуктивностью пов ерхностных вод.
Вулканический матер иал встречается в вид е темных, базальтовых и светлых пеплов, богат ых кремнием и стеклом. Ба зальтовый материал н аходят также и во всех ледник овых отложениях, а све тлый вулканический матер иал находят также в не которых межледниковых и до-ле дниковых отложениях, в которых не установлен матери ал, приносимый дрейфу ющими льдами. Предполагают, что этот род пепла является эолового пр оисхождения.
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Diester-Haass, L., Schnitker, D. Plio-Pleistocene sedimentation regimes leading to chalk-marl-cycles in the North Atlantic (DSDP Site 552 — Hole 552A). Geol Rundsch 78, 959–985 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829331
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829331