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Geochemistry of recent TOC-rich sediments from the Gulf of California and the Black Sea

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Zusammenfassung

An rezenten Sedimentproben des Auftriebsgebietes des Golfs von Kalifornien sowie Sapropelen des Schwarzen Meeres wurden sowohl Hauptelement-, als auch Spurenmetall-Gehalte (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn, u. a.) ermittelt und mit neueren Spurenmetall-Daten von Meerwasser und marinem Plankton in Beziehung gesetzt. Im Chemismus der Sedimente des Golfs von Kalifornien spiegeln sich die in der Wassersäule ablaufenden Regenerationsprozesse wider. Elemente (z. B. Cd), die sich im Meerwasser wie die »labilen« Nährstoffe (C, N, P) verhalten, gelangen nur in geringem Ausmaß (<10%) in die Sedimentsäule, im Vergleich zu solchen Elementen (z. B. Ba), deren Verhalten im Meerwasser eher dem von »resistenteren« Nährstoff-Elementen (Si) entspricht. Eine Reihe von Spurenmetallen, die vergleichsweise hohe Konzentrationen im Meerwasser aufweisen (As, Mo, U, V) und redox-sensibel sind und/oder stabile Sulfide zu bilden vermögen, werden frühdiagenetisch im Sediment fixiert. Das frühdiagenetische Verhalten von Ba ist eng mit der bakteriellen Sulfat-Reduktion verknüpft. Die Bildung von Baryt-Konretionen wird diskutiert.

Anoxische Bedingungen in der Wassersäule wirken als ideale »Fallen« für viele redox-sensible und/oder stabile Sulfide bildende Elemente. Mit Hilfe von Element-Bilanzen kann nachgewiesen werden, daß der Chemismus der Sapropele des Schwarzen Meeres von der Element-Zufuhr durch Fluß- und Mittelmeerwasser sowie die Sedimentationsrate gesteuert wird.

Abstract

Major and minor elements (incl. Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) have been determined in recent sediments from the Gulf of California upwelling area and Black Sea sapropels in order to reinterpret their chemical composition in view of reliable seawater and plankton data. The chemistry of the Gulf of California sediments reflects regeneration processes which occur in the water column; i.e. only a small fraction (<10%) of elements like Cd, which in seawater are coupled to the »labile« nutrients (C, N, P), is buried in the sedimentary column. In contrast, elements like the more resistant nutrients (Si) undergo a deeper regeneration cycle (Ba). Several trace metals which are present in comparatively higher concentrations in seawater (As, Mo, U, V) and at the same time are reactive under reducing conditions and/or are able to form stable Sulfides, are fixed in the sediments during early diagenesis. The early diagenetic behavior of Ba is closely related to bacterial sulfate reduction. The formation of barite concretions is discussed.

Anoxic conditions in the water column act as ideal traps for a number of redox sensitive and/or stable sulfide forming elements. A simple trace metal balance calculation shows that the chemical composition of Black Sea sapropels is controlled by fluvial and Mediterranean seawater element input and the accumulation rate of terrigenous detrital material.

Résumé

Des dosages d'éléments majeurs et en trace (notamment: Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn) ont été effectués dans des sédiments récents provenant des régions à courants ascendants (upwelling) du Golfe de Californie, ainsi que dans des sapropèles de la Mer Noire, dans le but de rechercher les relations entre leur composition chimique, et celles de l'eau de mer et du plancton. Le chimisme des sédiments du Golfe de Californie reflète les processus de régénération qui se déroulent dans la colonne d'eau. En l'occurrence, les éléments (tels le Cd) qui, dans l'eau de mer, sont associés aux nutrients «labiles» (C, N, P) ne passent qu'en faible quantité (<10%) dans la colonne sédimentaire. L'inverse se présente pour les éléments (Ba, p.ex.) dont le comportement dans l'eau correspond à celui des nutrients «résistants» (Si). Certains métaux en trace, qui existent en proportion relativement élevée dans l'eau de mer (As, Mo, U, V) et qui en même temps sont sensibles au potentiel redox et/ou peuvent former des sulfures stables, sont fixés dans les sédiments au début de la diagenèse. Le comportement diagénétique hatif du Ba est étroitement lié à la réduction du sulfate bactérien. L'auteur discute la formation de concrétions de baryte.

Des conditions anoxiques dans la colonne d'eau agissent comme des pièges idéaux pour un certain nombre d'éléments qui sont sensibles au potentiel redox et/ou qui forment des sulfures stables. Un calcul simple du bilan des éléments en trace montre que la composition chimique des sapropèles de la Mer Noire est régie par l'apport des fleuves et de la Méditerrannée ainsi que par le taux d'accumulation des matériaux détritiques terrigènes.

Краткое содержание

В рецентных пробах се диментов в регионе во сходящих течений Калифорнийс кого залива и сапропе лей Черного моря определ или основные и рассея нные элементы (Ag, As, Ва, Cd, Со, Сr, Сu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V, Zn etc.) и сопоставили с нове йшими данными о соста ве морской воды и морско го планктона. Химизм с едиментов Калифорнийского зал ива зависит от процес сов регенерации, протека ющих на различной глу бине. Элементы, напр.: кадмий, которые ведут себя в м орской воде, как «лабильные» продукты питания, т.е. C., N, P, попадают в водяной с толб только в незначи тельном количестве, т.е. менее 10 %, в противороложность поведению таких элем ентов, как напр.: барий, которые ведут себя, ка к «устойчивые» проду кты питания, т.е. кремний. Ряд микроэ лементов, которые появляются в морской воде в сравнительно в ысоких концентрациях (As, Mo, U, V), чув ствительно реагирую т на редокс — потенциал среды и могут образов ывать стабильные сульфаты, которые оказываются связанными в седимен тах уже на ранних стад иях диагенеза.

Раннедиагенетическ ое поведение бария те сно связано с восстановл ением сульфата бакте риями. Дискутируются условия образования баритовых конкреций. Бескислородные условия среды в водно м столбе оказываются идеальн ой «ловушкой» для мно гих элементов, проявляющих чувстви тельность к редокс-по тенциалу среды, и образуют стаб ильные сульфаты. С помощью балланса эле ментов, можно доказат ь, что химизм сапропелей в Ч ерном море зависит от количества элементов, приносимы х речными и средиземн оморскими водами, а также от скор ости осадконакоплен ия.

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  1. Hans -J. Brumsack

    Present address: Geochemisches Institut der Universität Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 1, D-3400, Göttingen, F.R. Germany

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    Brumsack, H.J. Geochemistry of recent TOC-rich sediments from the Gulf of California and the Black Sea. Geol Rundsch 78, 851–882 (1989). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01829327

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