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Drift tectonics — The fundamental rhythm of crustal drift and deformation

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Zusammenfassung

Mehrjährige Untersuchungen der Deformationsgeschichte der Alpen und ihres europäischen Vorlands führten zur Entwicklung neuer Modelle für den Antrieb der Kontinentaldrift und zum Problem der intraplate tectonics. Es konnte nachgewiesen werden, daß ein weltweiter Bewegungsrhythmus der Kontinentaldrift existiert, der sich durch gesetzmäßige Deformation von Lithosphärenstrukturen in den Phasen der Epirogenese auswirkt. Dieser Nachweis wurde durch die Entwicklung einer neuen Methode zur vergleichenden Analyse paläomagnetischer und tektonischer Daten ermöglicht.

Durch den Entwurf einer neuen Kartenprojektion gelang es erstmals, alle wesentlichen geologischen und geophysikalischen Daten in einer übersichtlichen Abbildung auf ihre Beziehung zur Driftrichtung hin zu untersuchen. Dies führte zur Identifizierung der Driftfelder als größte Bewegungseinheit der Lithosphäre. Ihre Geometrie regelt ein konvergierendes Fließen der Lithosphäre und damit die Richtung der Plattenbewegungen. Zugleich beeinflussen die Driftfelder über die Temperaturverteilung im oberen Mantel den Verlauf asthenosphärischer Gegenströmungen, deren interne Strömungsmuster zur Entwicklung von Aufströmen (plumes) und zu epirogenetischen Aufdomungen führen.

So bietet die Entdeckung der drifttektonischen Gesetzmäßigkeiten über eine Synthese horizontal- und vertikaltektonischer Hypothesen hinaus ein vielversprechendes Bezugssystem zum Verständnis der tektonisch-magmatischen Zyklen des Proterozoikums.

Abstract

Several years of research on deformational history of the Alps and their Central European foreland led to the development of new models for the driving mechanism of continental drift and intraplate tectonics. It was found that a global rhythm of continental drift exists, which causes the phases of epeirogeny by regular deformation of lithospheric structures. This approach was made possible by the development of a new method of comparing and analysing paleomagnetic and tectonic data.

A new map projection provided for the first time the order necessary to analyze on a global scale the relations between the direction of drift and all essential geological and geophysical data. This led to the identification of drift fields as the largest lithospheric structural units. Their geometry controls a narrowing lithospheric flow and thus the direction of plate movements. By redistributing upper mantle isotherms, the drift fields simultaneously control the course of asthenospheric counterflows, whose internal flow patterns can trigger asthenospheric upwellings and epeirogenic uplifts.

Thus, besides providing a synthesis of horizontal- and vertical-tectonic hypotheses, the discovery of drift tectonic rules offers a promising framework for the understanding of the Proterozoic tectonomagmatic cycles.

Résumé

Des recherches de plusieurs années sur l'histoire déformative des Alpes et de leur avant-pays européen, permettent de développer un nouveau modèle qui répond aux problèmes de la tectonique intra-plaque et du moteur de la dérive continentale. On montre l'existence, à l'échelle mondiale, d'un rythme dans le mouvement de dérive, qui se traduit par une déformation ordonnée des structures lithosphériques aux cours des phases de l'épirogenèse. Cette conclusion résulte de l'emploi d'une méthode nouvelle d'analyse comparée des données paléomagnétiques et tectoniques.

Grâce à une nouvelle projection cartographique, on a pu, pour la première fois, mettre toutes les données géologiques et géophysiques actuelles en relation avec la direction de dérive, ce qui a conduit à identifier les champs de dérive comme les unités structurales majeures de la lithosphère. Leur géométrie définit un écoulement convergent de la lithosphère et, partant, la direction des mouvements des plaques. En raison de la distribution de la température dans le manteau, les champs de dérive définissent en même temps la position de contrecourants asthénosphériques, dont la disposition interne conduit au développement de »plumes« et de bombements épirogéniques.

La découverte du caractère ordonné de la dérive permet une synthèse des hypothèses »verticalistes« et »horizontalistes« en tectonique et, de ce fait, une meilleure compréhension des cycles tectono-magmatiques du Protérozoïque.

Краткое содержание

Многолетние исследо вания деформации Аль п и их предгорья помогли со здать модель, дополня ещую в частности гипотезу т ектоники плит и матер икового дрейфа. Попытались ус тановить существова ние определенного ритма в передвижении дрейф ующих материков в глобальн ом масштабе, проявляю щееся в закономерной дефор мации структур литос феры во время эпирогенеза. На личие такого ритма уд алось установить с помощью нового метода сравне ния данных палеомагмати зма и тектоники. В ново й проэкции представил и на карте все геологи ческие и геофизические данны е, что дало возможност ь представить их взаимодействия и с вязи с направлением дрейфа плит. Удалось и дентифицировать дре йфующие поля, как гигантские с труктурные единицы литосферы. Их геометр ия регулирует конвер гирующие течения литосферы и с вязанные с ними напра вления движения плит. Дрейфу ющие поля регулируют как распределение те мпературы в мантии, так и направление теч ений астеносферы, кот орые образуют куполовидн ые структурные формы.

Таким образом можно у становить определен ные закономерности при дрейфе плит, и это р азрешает сравнить, как вертика льные, так и горизонта льные перемещения их, а такж е объяснить появлени е определенных тектон омагматических цикл ов в протерозое.

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Grohmann, N. Drift tectonics — The fundamental rhythm of crustal drift and deformation. Geol Rundsch 74, 267–310 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01824897

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