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Sequential development of fold orders in ptygmatic structures (Damara Orogenic belt, Namibia)

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Zusammenfassung

Die Entwicklungsgeschichte von ptygmatischen Strukturen, aus Falten und Faltengruppen verschiedener Grö\enordnungen aufgebaut, wurde im nördlichen Zentralbereich des Damara-Orogens (Südwestafrika/Namibien) untersucht. Ihre Entwicklung kann als Entstehung von grö\enmÄ\ig verschiedenen Falten in zeitlicher Folge aufgefa\t werden, wenn jede Gruppe von Falten einer Grö\enordnug als geometrisch eigenartig betrachtet wird. Letzteres ergibt sich aus der Unmöglichkeit, die genaue Geometrie von grö\eren Falten aus den geometrischen Eigenschaften von Falten kleinerer Grö\enordnug abzuleiten.

Eine Analyse der rÄumlichen Lage der Achsenebenen ermöglicht die Aussage, da\ die ptygmatischen Strukturen wÄhrend einer einzigen Faltungsphase gebildet wurden. Dies wird durch Argumente regional-geologischer Art bestÄtigt. Unter Zuhilfenahme der Faltengeometrie geht aus der gleichen Analyse jedoch auch hervor, da\ Falten und Faltengruppen kleinerer Grö\enordnung zuerst, und diejenigen höherer Ordnung erst spÄter erzeugt wurden. Dementsprechend ist es möglich um UnregelmÄ\igkeiten in der Geometrie von kleineren Falten mittels Verformung und Rotation als Folge der nachtrÄglichen Neubildung Falten höherer Ordnug zu erklÄren.

Abstract

In the north central zone of the Damara Orogen (Namibia) a field study was made of ptygmatic fold structures composed of more than one order of folds or cuspate interface structures of compressive origin. Their evolution can be described in terms of sequential development of fold orders. Each fold order is considered as a geometrically distinct group of fold structures, for it is impossible to predict the exact geometry of a higher order structure from the shape of a lower order fold or fold group.

Although orientation relationships between axial surfaces of different fold orders, supported by overprinting relationships and regional geological arguments indicate that the ptygmatic structures formed during a single folding phase, further analysis of axial surface relations in combination with fold geometry shows that the fold orders formed in succession, beginning with the smallest size group and ending with the largest size group. It is consequently possible to explain irregularities in fold geometry, which alternatively could be looked at as natural deviations from an ideal shape, by redeformation and rotation of preexisting lower order folds during generation of the higher oder folds.

Résumé

De nombreuses structures ptygmatiques, d'âges divers mais toujours comportant plus qu'un ordre de plis, ou d'autres structures d'origine compressive, affleurent dans la zone nord-centrale de l'orogène Damara (Sud-ouest africain/Namibie). Les deux exemples analysés ici montrent que les ordres de plis doivent Être considérés comme géométriquement indépendants les uns des autres. Ceci résulte de l'impossibilité de prédire, en partant d'un pli ou groupe de plis choisi arbitrairement, la géométrie exacte de plis plus grands faisant part de la mÊme structure.

Les plans axiaux de plis d'ordre inférieur (les plus petits plis) sont disposés en éventail autour du plan axial d'un pli appartenant à un ordre supérieur. D'autre part, et en certains endroits structurellement bien définis, leur orientation est proche de celle des autres auxquels ils peuvent se trouver matériellement raccordés. Il s'en suit que la structure complète, bien que produite par une seule phase de plissement (ce qui est confirmé par des arguments indépendants) se développa en stades successifs. Les plis d'ordre inférieur précédèrent ceux d'ordre supérieur et furent soumis à une redéformation pendant la production des derniers. Cette interprétation explique la géométrie variable des plis précoces.

кРАткОЕ сОДЕРжАНИЕ

ИсслЕДОВАлИ ИстОРИУ РАжВИтИь птИгМАтИЧЕ скИх стРУктУР, сОстОьЩИх И ж склАДОк И гРУпп склАД Ок РАжлИЧНОгО пОРьДк А ВЕлИЧИН В сЕВЕРНОИ ЧАстИ цЕНтРАльНОгО РАИОНА ОРОгЕНА ДАМАРА (УжНАь АФРИкА, НАМИБИь). Их ЁВОлУцИУ МОжНО ОпИсАть, кАк пОс лЕЕДОВАтЕльНУУ сМЕН У РАжлИЧНых склАДОк, пРИЧЕМ кАжДУУ гРУппУ Их РАсс МАтРИВАУт, кАк гЕОМЕт РИЧЕскИ ОБОсОБлЕННУУ гРУппУ, хОть РАжДЕлИт ь гЕОМЕтРИУ склАДОк В ысшЕгО И НИжшЕгО пОРьДкА тОЧН О НА пРЕДстВАльЕтсь ВО жМОжНыМ.

АНАлИж пРОстРАНстВЕ ННОгО РАспРЕДЕлЕНИь плОскОстЕИ ОсЕИ РАжРЕшАЕт пРЕДп ОлОжИть, ЧтО птИгМАтИЧЕскИЕ с тРУктУРы пОьВИлИсь В тЕЧЕНИЕ ОДНОИ ЕДИНстВЕННОИ ФАжы склАДкООБРАжОВ АНИь. ЁтО пОДтВЕРжДАУ т Их гЕОлОгИЧЕскИЕ ДАННыЕ. пРИНИМАь ВО ВН ИМАНИЕ гЕОМЕтРИУ скл АДОк пРИшлИ к ВыВОДУ, ЧтО ВНАЧАлЕ ВОжНИклИ скл АДкИ И гРУппы Их НИжшЕ гО пОРьДкА, А тОлькО пОжДНЕЕ пОьВИлИсь склАДкИ БО лЕЕ кРУпНОгО пОРьДкА. ЁтА гИпОтЕжА МОжЕт ОБЩьс НИть НЕРАВНОМЕРНОсть В гЕ ОМЕтРИИ МЕлкИх склАД Ок, кОтОРАь ВОжНИклА В РЕжУльтАт Е пРЕОБРАжОВАНИь И пОВ ОРОтОВ пРИ пОслЕДУУЩ ЕМ ОБРАжОВАНИИ кРУпНОМ АсштАБНых склАДОк.

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Published by permission of the Head of the Geological Survey, Windhoek.

Former affiliation: Geological Survey, P. O. Box 2168, 9000 Windhoek, Namibia.

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Klein, J. Sequential development of fold orders in ptygmatic structures (Damara Orogenic belt, Namibia). Geol Rundsch 70, 925–940 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01820172

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