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A histologically verified bilateral anterolateral chordotomy without cutaneous sensory loss

A case report

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Summary

An 18-year old male, with intractable pain from sarcoma of the left iliac bone, was submitted to bilateral upper thoracic chordotomy in two stages. There was no post-operative relief of pain, and no detectable loss of touch, cutaneous pain or temperature sensibility. The patient finally died from the progress of his primary disease. Histological examination of the spinal cord revealed bilateral ascending degeneration of the spinothalamic tracts, completely on the right and partially on the left. The persistence of left-sided pain may be explained by preservation of ipsilateral spinothalamic fibers. With regard to the absence of cutaneous sensory loss the authors tentatively suggest that the reticular formation of the spinal cord, as a sort of atavism, has been, in this patient, primarily concerned with the transmission of impulses promoting pain and temperature sensations. On the other hand, it may be supposed that the intact ascending fibers, represented by the not interrupted spinothalamic fibers and/or the multisynaptic system, have been directly or indirectly activated, the central differentiation between the various types of stimuli applied depending on the spatial pattern of discharge from the peripheral nerve terminals.

Zusammenfassung

Bei einem 18jährigen Schiffsjungen wurden wegen therapieresistenter Schmerzen infolge eines Sarkoms der linken Beckenschaufel in 2 Operationen eine bilaterale, obere, thoracale Chordotomie durchgeführt. Postoperativ wurde keine Verminderung des Spontanschmerzes beobachtet, und bei Prüfung der Hautsensibilität für Berührung, Schmerz und Temperatur fanden sich keine Ausfälle. Der Patient starb infolge der Ausbreitung seines Sarkoms.

Die histologische Prüfung des Rückenmarkes zeigte eine bilateral aufsteigende Degeneration der spinothalamischen Bündel, die rechts vollständig und links partiell war.

Das Anhalten des linksseitigen Spontanschmerzes könnte durch das partielle Erhaltenbleiben ipsilateraler spinothalamischer Fasern erklärt werden. Was das Ausbleiben von Ausfällen der Oberflächensensibilität betrifft, so bilden die Autoren die Hypothese, daß bei diesem speziellen Patienten, als eine Art Atavismus, die Formatio reticularis des Rückenmarkes von vornherein die Leitung von Impulsen garantierte, die zu Schmerz- und Temperaturempfindungen führen. Als zweite Hypothese wäre denkbar, daß die intaktgebliebenen aufsteigenden Fasern, also die nicht unterbrochenen spinothalamischen Fasern und/oder das multisynaptische System, direkt oder indirekt aktiviert wurden, insofern als die zentrale Differenzierung zwischen den verschiedenen Reiztypen vom räumlichen Muster der Entladungen in den peripheren Nervenendigungen abhängt.

Résumé

Chez garçon âgé de 18 ans une chordotomie thoracale supérieure bilatérale fut pratiquée à cause de douleurs provenantes d'un sarcome de l'os iliaque gauche. L'opération ne menait pas à un relâchement de la douleur spontanée et à l'examination objective on ne trouvait pas d'hypaesthésie tactile ou thermique, ni d'analgésie. Le malade mourut en suite de la progression de sa tumeur.

L'examen histologique de la moelle épinière montrait une dégénération ascendante bilatérale des faisceaux spinothalamiques, complète à droite et partielle à gauche.

La persistence des douleurs à gauche pourrait s'expliquer par la présence des fibres spinothalamiques ipsilatérales restées intactes. Concernant l'absence du déficit de la sensibilité superficielle, les auteurs se demandent, si dans ce cas particulier la formation réticulaire de la moelle épinière avait, comme une sorte d'atavisme, servi primairement à la transmission des stimuli de douleur et de température. Comme une autre altérnative on pourrait supposer que les fibres ascendantes intactes, représentées par les fibres spinothalamiques non coupées et/ou le système multisynaptique, ont été activé directement ou indirectement; vu que la différentiation centrale des stimuli variés dépend du type spatiale (“pattern”) de décharge produit dans les terminaisons nerveuses périphériques.

Riassunto

Un uomo di 18 anni con dolore intrattabile da sarcoma dell'osso iliaco sinistro, fu sottoposto, in due sedute, a cordotomia toracica superiore bilaterale. Dopo l'operazione non si osservó comparsa di anestesia nè di analgesia nè di termoanalgesia, mentre i dolori persistettero. Il paziente venne infine a morte per l'ulteriore progredire della malattia primaria. L'esame istologico del midollo spinale mise in evidenza la degenerazione ascendente bilaterale del tratto spinotalamico, completamente a destra e parzialmente a sinistra. La persistenza del dolore a sinistra poteva essere spiegato dalla presenza di fibre spinotalamiche omolaterali. Per ciò che riguarda la mancanza di disturbi obbiettivi delia sensibilità gli autori avanzano l'ipotesi che la formazione reticolare spinale sia stata in questo paziente, per una sorta di atavismo, primariamente in relazione con la trasmissione degli impulsi dolorifici e termici. D'altro lato può essere supposto che le fibre ascendenti intatte, rappresentate dalle fibre spinotalamiche non interrotte e/o dal sistema multisinaptico siano state direttamente o indirettamente attivate, dipendendo la differenziazione tra i vari tipi di stimoli applicati dal tipo spaziale („pattern“) di scarica dalla terminazione nervosa periferica.

Resumen

Un enfermo de 18 años de edad con dolores intensos debidos a un sarcoma del hueso iliaco izquierdo, fué sometido a una cordotomia torácica superior bilateral, en dos tiempos. No se observó alivio del dolor ni déficit post-operatorio alguno de la sensibilidad cutánea superficial (táctil, dolorosa y térmica). Finalmente, el paciente falleció por progresión de su enfermedad. El examen histológico de la médula espinal reveló la degeneración ascendente de ambos haces espinotalámicos, en forma completa a derecha y parcial a izquierda.

La persistencia de los dolores en el lado izquierdo del cuerpo podria explicarse por la presencia de algunas fibras espinotalámicas ipsilaterales intactas. En cuanto a la ausencia de déficit sensitivo cutáneo superficial, los autores sugieren que en este caso particular, la formación reticular de la médula espinal, como una expresión de atavismo, habría estado primitivamente involucrada en la transmisión de los impulsos térmicos y dolorosos. Otra alternativa sería que las fibras ascendentes indemnes, representadas por las fibras espinotalámicas no seccionadas y/o sistemas multisinápticos, habrían sido directa o indirectamente activadas, dependiendo la diferenciación central de los diversos estímulos aplicados, del tipo de descarga espacial («pattern») originado en las terminaciones nerviosas periféricas.

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Osácar, E.M., Meyer, A.E. & Jakab, I. A histologically verified bilateral anterolateral chordotomy without cutaneous sensory loss. Acta neurochir 9, 525–537 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01809545

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