Summary
An 18-year old male, with intractable pain from sarcoma of the left iliac bone, was submitted to bilateral upper thoracic chordotomy in two stages. There was no post-operative relief of pain, and no detectable loss of touch, cutaneous pain or temperature sensibility. The patient finally died from the progress of his primary disease. Histological examination of the spinal cord revealed bilateral ascending degeneration of the spinothalamic tracts, completely on the right and partially on the left. The persistence of left-sided pain may be explained by preservation of ipsilateral spinothalamic fibers. With regard to the absence of cutaneous sensory loss the authors tentatively suggest that the reticular formation of the spinal cord, as a sort of atavism, has been, in this patient, primarily concerned with the transmission of impulses promoting pain and temperature sensations. On the other hand, it may be supposed that the intact ascending fibers, represented by the not interrupted spinothalamic fibers and/or the multisynaptic system, have been directly or indirectly activated, the central differentiation between the various types of stimuli applied depending on the spatial pattern of discharge from the peripheral nerve terminals.
Zusammenfassung
Bei einem 18jährigen Schiffsjungen wurden wegen therapieresistenter Schmerzen infolge eines Sarkoms der linken Beckenschaufel in 2 Operationen eine bilaterale, obere, thoracale Chordotomie durchgeführt. Postoperativ wurde keine Verminderung des Spontanschmerzes beobachtet, und bei Prüfung der Hautsensibilität für Berührung, Schmerz und Temperatur fanden sich keine Ausfälle. Der Patient starb infolge der Ausbreitung seines Sarkoms.
Die histologische Prüfung des Rückenmarkes zeigte eine bilateral aufsteigende Degeneration der spinothalamischen Bündel, die rechts vollständig und links partiell war.
Das Anhalten des linksseitigen Spontanschmerzes könnte durch das partielle Erhaltenbleiben ipsilateraler spinothalamischer Fasern erklärt werden. Was das Ausbleiben von Ausfällen der Oberflächensensibilität betrifft, so bilden die Autoren die Hypothese, daß bei diesem speziellen Patienten, als eine Art Atavismus, die Formatio reticularis des Rückenmarkes von vornherein die Leitung von Impulsen garantierte, die zu Schmerz- und Temperaturempfindungen führen. Als zweite Hypothese wäre denkbar, daß die intaktgebliebenen aufsteigenden Fasern, also die nicht unterbrochenen spinothalamischen Fasern und/oder das multisynaptische System, direkt oder indirekt aktiviert wurden, insofern als die zentrale Differenzierung zwischen den verschiedenen Reiztypen vom räumlichen Muster der Entladungen in den peripheren Nervenendigungen abhängt.
Résumé
Chez garçon âgé de 18 ans une chordotomie thoracale supérieure bilatérale fut pratiquée à cause de douleurs provenantes d'un sarcome de l'os iliaque gauche. L'opération ne menait pas à un relâchement de la douleur spontanée et à l'examination objective on ne trouvait pas d'hypaesthésie tactile ou thermique, ni d'analgésie. Le malade mourut en suite de la progression de sa tumeur.
L'examen histologique de la moelle épinière montrait une dégénération ascendante bilatérale des faisceaux spinothalamiques, complète à droite et partielle à gauche.
La persistence des douleurs à gauche pourrait s'expliquer par la présence des fibres spinothalamiques ipsilatérales restées intactes. Concernant l'absence du déficit de la sensibilité superficielle, les auteurs se demandent, si dans ce cas particulier la formation réticulaire de la moelle épinière avait, comme une sorte d'atavisme, servi primairement à la transmission des stimuli de douleur et de température. Comme une autre altérnative on pourrait supposer que les fibres ascendantes intactes, représentées par les fibres spinothalamiques non coupées et/ou le système multisynaptique, ont été activé directement ou indirectement; vu que la différentiation centrale des stimuli variés dépend du type spatiale (“pattern”) de décharge produit dans les terminaisons nerveuses périphériques.
Riassunto
Un uomo di 18 anni con dolore intrattabile da sarcoma dell'osso iliaco sinistro, fu sottoposto, in due sedute, a cordotomia toracica superiore bilaterale. Dopo l'operazione non si osservó comparsa di anestesia nè di analgesia nè di termoanalgesia, mentre i dolori persistettero. Il paziente venne infine a morte per l'ulteriore progredire della malattia primaria. L'esame istologico del midollo spinale mise in evidenza la degenerazione ascendente bilaterale del tratto spinotalamico, completamente a destra e parzialmente a sinistra. La persistenza del dolore a sinistra poteva essere spiegato dalla presenza di fibre spinotalamiche omolaterali. Per ciò che riguarda la mancanza di disturbi obbiettivi delia sensibilità gli autori avanzano l'ipotesi che la formazione reticolare spinale sia stata in questo paziente, per una sorta di atavismo, primariamente in relazione con la trasmissione degli impulsi dolorifici e termici. D'altro lato può essere supposto che le fibre ascendenti intatte, rappresentate dalle fibre spinotalamiche non interrotte e/o dal sistema multisinaptico siano state direttamente o indirettamente attivate, dipendendo la differenziazione tra i vari tipi di stimoli applicati dal tipo spaziale („pattern“) di scarica dalla terminazione nervosa periferica.
Resumen
Un enfermo de 18 años de edad con dolores intensos debidos a un sarcoma del hueso iliaco izquierdo, fué sometido a una cordotomia torácica superior bilateral, en dos tiempos. No se observó alivio del dolor ni déficit post-operatorio alguno de la sensibilidad cutánea superficial (táctil, dolorosa y térmica). Finalmente, el paciente falleció por progresión de su enfermedad. El examen histológico de la médula espinal reveló la degeneración ascendente de ambos haces espinotalámicos, en forma completa a derecha y parcial a izquierda.
La persistencia de los dolores en el lado izquierdo del cuerpo podria explicarse por la presencia de algunas fibras espinotalámicas ipsilaterales intactas. En cuanto a la ausencia de déficit sensitivo cutáneo superficial, los autores sugieren que en este caso particular, la formación reticular de la médula espinal, como una expresión de atavismo, habría estado primitivamente involucrada en la transmisión de los impulsos térmicos y dolorosos. Otra alternativa sería que las fibras ascendentes indemnes, representadas por las fibras espinotalámicas no seccionadas y/o sistemas multisinápticos, habrían sido directa o indirectamente activadas, dependiendo la diferenciación central de los diversos estímulos aplicados, del tipo de descarga espacial («pattern») originado en las terminaciones nerviosas periféricas.
Similar content being viewed by others
Bibliography
Alajouanine, Th., La douleur et les douleurs. Publié sous la direction duPr.Th.Alajouanine. Masson & Cie., Paris, 1957.
Bailey, A. A., andF.P. Moersch, Phantom limb. Canad. Med. Ass. J.45 (1941), 37–42.
Banzet, V. M., La cordotomie. Etude anatomique, technique, clinique, et phisiologique. Thèse, Louis Arnette, Paris, 1927.
Bishop, G. H., Responses to electrical stimulation of single sensory units of the skin. J. Neurophysiol., Springfield,6 (1943), 361–382.
Bowsher, D., Termination of the central pain pathway in man: the conscious appreciation of pain. Brain, London,80 (1957), 608–622.
Cajal, S. R. y, Histologie du système nerveux de l'homme et des vertébrés. Vol. I, A. Maloine, Paris, 1909.
Clara, M., Die Anatomie der Sensibilität unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der vegetativen Leitungsbahnen. Acta neuroveget., Wien,7 (1953), 4–31.
Davis, L., The principles of Neurological Surgery. 4th ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1953.
Davis, L., andJ. Martin, Studies upon spinal cord injuries. II. The nature and treatment of pain. J. Neurosurg., Springfield,4 (1947), 483–491.
Die zentralen Schmerzzustände. I. Europäischer Neurochirurgenkongreß, Zürich, 16. bis 19. Juli 1959. Acta neurochir., Wien. Springer-Verlag, Wien, 1959.
Earle, K. M., The tract of Lissauer and its possible relation to the pain pathway. J. Comp. Neurol., Philadelphia,96 (1952), 93–109.
Erlanger, J., andH. S. Gasser, The action potential in fibres of slow conduction in spinal roots and somatic nerves. Amer. J. Physiol. 92 (1930), 43–82.
Falconer, M. A., andJ. S. B. Lindsay, Painful phantom limb treated by high cervical chordotomy. Report of two cases. Brit. J. Surg.33 (1946), 301 to 308.
Foerster, O., quoted byZülch andSchmid 56.
Foerster, O., andO. Gagel, Vorderseitenstrangdurchschneidung beim Menschen. Zschr. Neurol., Berlin,138 (1932), 1–92.
Frazier, C. H., andW. G. Spiller, Section of the anterolateral columns of the Spinal Cord (Chordotomy). Discussion of the Physiologic Effects and Clinical Results in a series of Eight Cases. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.9 (1923), 1–21.
French, L. A., andW. T. Peyton, Ipsilateral sensory loss following chordotomy. J. Neurosurg., Springfield,5 (1948), 403–404.
Gasser, H. S., Conduction in nerves in relation to fiber types. Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis., N. Y.,15 (1935), 35–59.
Gaze, R. M., andG. Gordon, Some observations on the central pathway for cutaneous impulses in the cat. Quart. J. Exper. Physiol., London,40 (1955), 187–194.
Glees, P., The central pain tract. Acta neuroveget., Wien,7 (1953), 160–173.
Goldscheider, A., Die Bedeutung der Reize für Pathologie und Therapie im Lichte der Neuronlehre. Barth, Leipzig, 1898.
Gooddy, W., On the nature of pain. Brain, London,80 (1957), 118–131.
Gray, H., Anatomy of the Human Body. Ed. 24, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1942.
Horrax, G., Experiences in chordotomy. Arch. Surg., London,18 (1929), 1140–1164.
Hyndman, O. R., Lissauer's tract section. Contribution to chordotomy for the relief of pain (preliminary report). J. Internat. Coll. Surgeons, Chicago,5 (1942), 394–400.
Hyndman, O. R., andC. van Epps, Possibility of differential section of the spinothalamic tract. A clinical and histologic study. Arch. Surg., London,38 (1939), 1036–1053.
Hyndman, O. R., andJ. Wolkin, Anterior chordotomy; further observations on physiologic results and optimum manner of performance. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.50 (1943), 129–148.
Jefferson, G., The relief of pain. British Medical Association. Plenary Sessions. Lancet2 (1952), 129–130.
Kahn, E. A., Anterolateral chordotomy for intractable pain. J. Amer. Med. Ass.100 (1933), 1925–1928.
Kahn, E. A., andM. M. Feet, The Technique of Anterolateral Cordotomy. J. Neurosurg., Springfield,5 (1948), 276–283.
Karplus, I. P., andA. Kreidl, Zur Kenntnis der Schmerzleitung im Rückenmark. II. Mitteilung. Pflügers Arch. Physiol.207 (1925), 134–139.
King, R. B., Post-chordotomy studies of pain threshold. Neurology1 (1957), 610–614.
Kuru, M., Sensory Paths in the Spinal Cord and Brain Stem of Man. Tôkio and Osaka, Sôgensya, 1949.
Lele, P. P., G. Weddell andC.M. Williams, The relationship between heat transfer, skin temperature and cutaneous sensibility. J. Physiol.126 (1954), 206–234.
Lewis, T., andE. E. Pochin, The double pain response of the human skin to a single stimulus. Clin. Sc. London,3 (1937), 67–76.
Lüthy, F., Schmerzprobleme. Confinia neurol.17 (1957), 82–94.
May, W. P., Reviews. The Afferent Path. The Conduction of Painful Impulses in the Spinal Cord. Brain, London,29 (1906), 782–784.
Mehler, M. R., The mammalian “Pain tract” in phylogeny. Anat. Rec. Philadelphia,127 (1957), 332 (Abstract).
Neurovegetatives Symposion in Salzburg. Der Schmerz und seine Bekämpfung. Acta neuroveget., Wien, 7 (1953), 1–400.
Noordenbos, W., Pain. Elsevier Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1959.
Ranson, S. W., andS. L. Clark, The Anatomy of the Nervous System. Its Development and Function. 8th Ed., W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia and London, 1947.
Sjôqvist, O., Surgical section of pain tracts and pathways in the spinal cord and brain stem. IVe Congr. neurol.1 (1949), 119–132.
Spiller, W. G., The occasional clinical resemblance between caries of the vertebrae and lumbothoracic syringomyelia, and the location within the spinal cord of the fibres for the sensations of pain and temperature. Univ. Pennsylvania Med. Bull.18 (1905), 147–154.
Spiller, W. G., andE. Martin, The treatment of persistent pain of organic origin in the lower part of the body by division of the anterolateral column of the spinal cord. J. Amer. Med. Ass.58 (1912), 1489–1490.
Stookey, B., The management of intractable pain by chordotomy. Res. Publ. Ass. Nerv. Ment. Dis., N. Y.,23 (1943), 416–33.
Sweet, W. H., J. C. White, B. Selverstone andR. T. Nilges, Sensory responses from anterior roots and from surface and interior of spinal cord in man. Transact. Amer. Neurol. Ass. 2950, 165–169.
Voris, H. C., Ipsilateral sensory loss following a chordotomy. Report of a case. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.65 (1951), 95–96.
Voris, H. C., Variations in the spinothalamic tract in man. J. Neurosurg., Springfield,14 (1957), 55–60.
Walker, A. E., The Spinothalamic Tract in Man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.43 (1940), 284–298.
Walsh, E. G., Physiology of the Nervous System. Longmans, Green and Co., London, 1957.
Wedell, G., andD. C. Sinclair, The anatomy of pain, sensibility. Acta neuroveget., Wien,7 (1953), 135–146.
White, J. C., Conduction of pain in man. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr.71 (1954), 1–23.
White, J. C., E. P. Richardson andW. H. Sweet, Upper Thoracic Cordotomy for Relief of Pain. Postmorten Correlation of Spinal Incision with Analgesic Levels in 18 Cases. Ann. Surg,144 (1956), 407–419.
White, J. C., andW. H. Sweet, Pain. Its Mechanisms and Neurosurgical Control. Ch. C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., USA, 1955.
White, J. C., W. H. Sweet, R. Hawkins andR. G. Nilges, Anterolateral cordotomy: Results, complications and causes of failure. Brain, London,73 (1950), 348–367.
Zülch, K. J., andE.E. Schmid, Über die Schmerzarten und den Begriff der Hyperpathie. Acta neuroveget., Wien,7 (1953), 147–159.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Osácar, E.M., Meyer, A.E. & Jakab, I. A histologically verified bilateral anterolateral chordotomy without cutaneous sensory loss. Acta neurochir 9, 525–537 (1961). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01809545
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01809545