Abstract
The study gives the microenvironmental contrasts between paved and grass surfaces, in both urban and suburban areas of Cincinnati, Ohio. Wetand dry-bulb temperatures, radiant heat, and air velocity measurements are presented. Thermal indices such as effective temperature, corrected effective temperature, wet-bulb globe temperature, discomfort index, and relative strain index are calculated from these measurements. The data are interpreted with respect to the health and comfort of urban inhabitants relative to adjacent suburban inhabitants. During the afternoon, the grass sites were more comfortable than paved sites. During the evening, the suburban area was significantly more comfortable than the urban area. The urban-suburban differences indicate that the urban thermal excess may be a direct factor in heat deaths during periods of extreme heat. Careful spacing of green areas, and the use of building materials with lower heat conductivity and heat storage properties and higher albedoes are suggested to ameliorate the urban temperature excess.
Zusammenfassung
Die Untersuchung befasst sich mit den mikroklimatischen Unterschieden von gepflasterten und Grasflächen-Zonen der Stadt und Vorstadt von Cincinnatti,Ohio, anhand der Daten von Feucht- und Trockentemperatur, Strahlungswärme und Luftbewegung. Daraus wurden berechnet: die Effektive Temperatur und die korrigierte Effektive Temperatur, die Nass-Globe-Temperatur, der Discomfort-Index und der Relative-Strain-Index. Die Werte wurden untersucht in Hinsicht auf die Gesundheit und Behaglichkeit der Stadtbewohner im Vergleich mit den Vorstadtbewohnern. Am Nachmittag waren Grasflächen angenehmer als gepflasterte Flächen, am Abend war es umgekehrt. Dieser Stadt-Vorort Unterschied zeigt auf, dass der Wärmeüberschuss in der Stadt die direkte Ursache der Hitze-Todesfälle während extremer Hitzeperioden sein kann. Die wohlüberlegte Verteilung von Grünflächen und die Verwendung von Baumaterialien mit geringer Wärmeleitung und Wärmespeicherung und höheren Albedos werden zur Abschwächung des städtischen Wärmeüberschusses vorgeschlagen.
Resume
On étudie ici les différences micrométéorologiques entre les zones pavées et engazonnées de Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, et cela aussi bien dans la villemême que dans les faubourgs. Pour cela, on a mesuré la température des thermomètres sec et mouillé, la chaleur radiante et la vitesse du vent. On en tire la température effective, la température effective corrigée, la température du thermomètre mouillé, l'indice dinconfort et l'indice de contrainte relative. On interprête ces chiffres au vu de l'état de santé et de confort des habitants du centre urbain lui-même par rapport à ceux des banlieusards. L'après-midi, les zones engazonnées sont plus agréables que celles qui sont pavées. Le soir, les faubourgs présentent un confort plus important que la ville. Les différences constatées entre la ville et sa banlieue montrent que les excès thermiques de la première sont directement responsables de la mortalité par coups de chaleur pendant les périodes de chaud prononcé. Pour améliorer les conditions de vie, c'est-à-dire diminuer les excès thermiques, on propose une répartition équilibrée de zones vertes et l'usage de matériaux de construction ayant de faibles conductivité et capacité thermiques ainsi qu'un albédo élevé.
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Clarke, J.F., Bach, W. Comparison of the comfort conditions in different urban and suburban microenvironments. Int J Biometeorol 15, 41–54 (1971). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01804717
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01804717