Summary
We present blood and urine levels of unconjugatedo-hydroxyphenylacetic, phenyllactic and phenylpyruvic acids in 61 children (2 years of age and above) and juveniles with phenylketonuria on or partially off diet. The samples were obtained during 185 scheduled outpatient visits and have been analysed with gas chromatographic methods. The compiled data define reference ranges of phenylalanine transamination capacity and of renal transport of metabolites which may be of value in further studies on the pathogenesis of phenylketonuria.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Armstrong, M. D., Shaw, K. N. F. and Robinson, K. S. Studies on phenylketonuria. II. The excretion ofo-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in phenylketonuria.J. Biol. Chem. 213 (1955) 797–804
Armstrong, M. D. and Low, N. L. Phenylketonuria. VIII. Relation between age, serum phenylalanine level and phenylpyruvic acid excretion.Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 94 (1957) 142–146
Blau, K. Aromatic acid excretion in phenylketonuria. Analysis of the unconjugated aromatic acids derived from phenylalanine.Clin. Chim. Acta 27 (1970) 5–18
Blau, K., Summer, G. K., Newsome, H. C., Edwards, C. H. and Mamer, O. A. Phenylalanine loading and aromatic acid excretion in normal subjects and heterozygotes for phenylketonuria.Clin. Chim. Acta 45 (1973) 197–205
Chalmers, R. A. and Watts, R. W. E. Quantitative studies on the urinary excretion of unconjugated aromatic acids in phenylketonuria.Clin. Chim. Acta 55 (1974) 281–294
Clemens, P. C., Schünemann, M. H., Hoffmann, G. F. and Kohlschütter, A. Plasma concentrations of phenyllactic acid in phenylketonuria.J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 13 (1990a) 227–228
Clemens, P. C., Schünemann, M. H., Kohlschütter, A. and Hoffmann, G. F. Phenylalanine metabolites in phenylketonuria.J. Pediatr. 116 (1990b) 665
Coburn, S. P., Mahuren, J. D. and Fuller, R. W. An improved method for measuring blood concentrations of phenylpyruvic acid.Clin. Chem. 17 (1971) 378–381
Dhondt, J. L., Cartigny, B. and Farriaux, J. P. Intérèts du dosage de l'acide orthohydroxyphénylacétique urinaire dans les hyperphénylalaninémies.Ann. Biol. Clin. 32 (1974) 499–506
Følling, A. Über die Ausscheidung von Phenylbrenztraubensäure in den Harn als Stoffwechselanomalie in Verbindung mit Imbezillität.Hoppe-Seyler's Z. Physiol. Chem. 227 (1934) 169–176
Güttler, F. and Woo, S. L. C. Molecular genetics of PKU.J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 9 (Suppl. 1) (1986) 58–68
Hummel, W., Schütte, H. and Kula, M. R. Enzymatic determination ofl-phenylalanine and phenylpyruvate withl-phenylalanine dehydrogenase.Anal. Biochem. 170 (1988) 397–401
Kaufman, S. An evaluation of the possible neurotoxicity of metabolites of phenylalanine.J. Pediatr. 114 (1989) 895–900
Kaufman, S. Reply to Clemens, P. C.et al. J. Pediatr. 116 (1990) 665–666
Kitagawa, T. Gas-liquid chromatography of phenylalanine metabolites in urine and sera of hyperphenylalaninemic and phenylketonuric patients.Clin. Chem. 20 (1974) 1543–1547
Kitagawa, T., Smith, B. A. and Brown, E. S. Gas-liquid chromatography of phenylalanine and its metabolites in serum and urine of various hyperphenylalaninemic subjects, their relatives, and controls.Clin. Chem. 21 (1975) 735–740
Krause, W., Halminski, M., McDonald, L., Dembure, Ph., Salvo, R., Freides, D. and Elsas, L. Biochemical and neuro-psychological effects of elevated plasma phenylalanine in patients with treated phenylketonuria.J. Clin. Invest. 75 (1985) 40–48
Langenbeck, U. Quantitative gas chromatography ofα-keto acids with a nitrogen selective detector.Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 290 (1978) 132–133
Langenbeck, U., Mench-Hoinowski, A., Dieckmann, K.-P., Möhring, H.-U. and Petersen, M.O-trimethylsilylquinoxalinol derivatives of aromaticα-keto acids. Mass spectra and quantitative gas chromatography.J. Chromatogr. 145 (1978a) 185–193
Langenbeck, U., Mench-Hoinowski, A. and Rød-Urban, I. Quantitative analysis ofβ-phenylpyruvic acid by single ion monitoring. Evaluation of isomeric internal standards.J. Chromatogr. 146 (1978b) 213–219
Langenbeck, U., Mench-Hoinowski, A., Rød-Urban, I. and Luthe, H. Quantitative determination of plasma phenylpyruvic acid by GC-MS with an isomeric internal standard. In de Leenheer, A. P., Roncucci, R. R. and van Peteghem, C. (eds.)Quantitative Mass Spectrometry in Life Sciences II, Elsevier, Amsterdam (1978c), pp. 209–218
Langenbeck, U., Behbehani, A. and Luthe, H. Blood levels of phenylpyruvic acid in phenylketonuria.J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 18 (1980a) 755
Langenbeck, U., Behbehani, A., Mench-Hoinowski, A. and Petersen, M. Absence of a significant renal threshold for two aromatic acids in phenylketonuric children over two years of age.Eur. J. Pediatr. 134 (1980b) 115–118
Langenbeck, U., Behbehani, A. and Luthe, H. Renal transport of aromatic acids in patients with phenylketonuria.J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 4 (1981) 69–70
Langenbeck, U., Baum, F. and Behbehani, A. Kinetic analysi of renal excretion of acidic metabolites of phenylalanine in six adult patients with phenylketonuria.Society for the Study of Inborn Errors of Metabolism, 21st Ann. Symp., Lyon (1983) P-49 (Abstract)
Langenbeck, U., Lukas, H. D., Mench-Hoinowski, A., Stenzig, K. P. and Lane, J. D. Correlative study of mental and biochemical phenotypes in never treated patients with classic phenylketonuria.Brain Dysfunction 1 (1988) 103–110
Michals, K. and Matalon, R. Phenylalanine metabolites, attention span and hyperactivity.Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 42 (1985) 361–365
Michals, K., Lopus, M. and Matalon, R. Phenylalanine metabolites as indicators of dietary compliance in children with phenylketonuria.Biochem. Med. Metab. Biol. 39 (1988) 18–23
Mönch, E., Kneer, J., Jakobs, C., Arnold, M., Diehl, H. and Batzler, U. Examination of urine metabolites in the newborn period and during protein loading tests at 6 months of age — part 1.Eur. J. Pediatr. 149 (Suppl.1) (1990) 17–24
Olek, K., Oyanagi, K. and Wardenbach, P. Quantitative analysis of phenylalanine metabolites in urine to detect heterozygotes of phenylketonuria.Humangenetik 22 (1974) 85–88
Olek, K., Wardenbach, P. and Byrd, D. Ausscheidung von Transaminierungsprodukten bei Hyperphenylalaninämien.Klin. Wochenschr. 58 (1980) 135–140
Partington, M. W. and Vickery, S. K. Phenylketonemia in phenylketonuria.Neuropädiatrie 5 (1974) 125–137
Primrose, D. A. Phenylketonuria with normal intelligence.J. Ment. Defic. Res. 27 (1983) 239–246
Rey, F., Pellié, C., Sivry, M., Blandin-Savoja, F., Rey, J. and Frézal, J. Influence of age on ortho-hydroxyphenylacetic acid excretion in phenylketonuria and its genetic variants.Pediatr. Res. 8 (1974) 540–545
Schmidt, H., Lutz, P. and Batzler, U. Differentialdiagnose des erhöhten Phenylalanin-Blutspiegels im Säuglingsalter.Monatsschr. Kinderheilk. 137 (1989) 86–92
Scriver, C. R. The salience of Garrod's ‘molecular groupings’ and ‘inborn factors in disease’.J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 12 (Suppl. 1) (1989) 9–24
Scriver, C. R. and Rosenberg, L. E.Amino Acid Metabolism and Its Disorders, Saunders, Philadelphia (1973)
Sullivan, L. P. and Grantham, J. J.Physiology of the Kidney, 2nd ed., Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, 1982
Tuchman, M., Fisch, R. O., Ramnaraine, M. L. and Krivit, W. Acidic metabolites of phenylalanine in plasma of phenylketonurics.Biochem. Med. 34 (1985) 203–206
Wendel, U., Özalp, J., Langenbeck, U. and Hummel, W. Phenylketonuria in Turkey: Experience with an enzymatic colorimetric test for measurement of serum phenylalanine.J. Inher. Metab. Dis. 13 (1990) 295–297
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Langenbeck, U., Behbehani, A. & Mench-Hoinowski, A. A synopsis of the unconjugated acidic transamination metabolites of phenylalanine in phenylketonuria. J Inherit Metab Dis 15, 136–144 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01800355
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01800355