Abstract
Coming to terms with Freud's ideas and attitudes toward religion is prerequisite to any consideration of the compatibility between psychoanalysis and Christianity. In a previous essay and in this one I have attempted to sort out Freud's ambivalence and ambiguity in the area and to point out their relevance to the issue at hand. In this paper I survey and criticize the opinions of a number of writers, as well as putting forward some of my own. I emphasize that the compatibility question is one of value, rather than of fact, and that one's answer to it depends largely on one's conception of psychoanalysis itself. The issue is not clear-cut. Some aspects of psychoanalytic theory and practice appear more reconcilable with Christian theology, ethics, and spirituality than others. A few psychoanalytic tenets seem in direct contradiction to religious ones. I close with an historical-sociological point that I believe has some bearing on the matter.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
H. Meng and E. Freud, Eds.,Psychoanalysis and Faith: The Letters of Sigmund Freud and Oskar Pfister (New York: Basic Books, 1963).
E. Wallace, “Freud and Religion: A History and Reappraisal,” inThe Psychoanalytic Study of Society, Vol. X, Eds., L. B. Boyer, W. Muensterburgen, and S. Grolnik (Hillsdale, NJ, The Analyst Press, 1983).
S. Freud (1901),The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Standard Edition of the Psychological Work of Sigmund Freud (hereafter referred to as “S.E.”), Vol. 6 (London: Hogarth, 1975).
S. Freud (1907), “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practices,” S. E., Vol. 9, pp 117–127.
S. Freud (1927),The Future of an Illusion, S. E., Vol. 21, pp. 5–56.
S. Freud (1913),Totem and Taboo, S. E., Vol. 13, pp. 1–161.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 43.
S. Freud (1930)Civilization and Its Discontents, S. E., Vol. 21, p. 74.
S. Freud, Ed.,The Letters of Sigmund Freud, p. 436 (New York: Basic Books, 1960).
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 44.
S. Freud,Civilization and Its Discontents, p. 81.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 43.
E. Ackerknecht,Medicine and Ethnology: Selected Essays (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971), pp. 58–61.
S. Freud,Totem and Taboo, p. 90.
W. Meissner, personal communication.
E. Erikson,Young Man Luther (New York: Norton, 1958).
J. Arlow, “Ego Psychology and the Study of Mythology,”Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 9 (1961):371–393.
H. Loewald,Psychoanalysis and the History of the Individual, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978).
B. Bettelheim, “Freud and the Soul,”New Yorker (March 1, 1982), pp. 55–93.
H. Meng and E. Freud,Psychoanalysis and Faith, p. 126.
S. Freud (1921),Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, S. E., Vol. 18, p. 142.
E. Wallace, “Freud and Religion.”
E. Jones,The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 2, (New York: Basic Books, 1955), p. 158.
S. Freud (1932),New Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, S. E., Vol. 22, p. 153.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 32.
H. Meng and E. Freud,Psychoanalysis and Faith, p. 117.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 36–37.
O. Pfister,Psychoanalyse und Weltanschauung (Vienna: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag, 1928).
G. Zilboorg,Psychoanalysis and Religion (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Cudahy, 1962).
L. Linn and L. Schwarz,Psychiatry and Religious Experience (New York: Random House, 1958), p. 12.
H. Hartmann,Psychoanalysis and Moral Values (New York: International Universities Press, 1960), pp. 21, 56, 70.
J. Maritain, “Freudianism and Psychoanalysis: A Thomist View,” inFreud and the Twentieth Century, Ed., B. Nelson, (New York: World Publishing Company, 1957).
E. Fromm,Psychoanalysis and Religion (New York: Bantam Books, 1972).
R. C. Dalbiez,Psychoanalytic Method and the Doctrine of Freud (London: Longmans, Green, 1941).
P. C. Dempsey,Freud, Psychoanalysis, Catholicism. (Cork, Ireland: Mercier Press).
S. Hiltner “Freud, Psychoanalysis, and Religion,”Pastoral Psychology 4 (1956): pp. 10–21.
R. Lee,Freud and Christianity (London: James Daake, 1948).
V. White,God and the Unconscious (London: Harvill, 1952).
A. De Luca,Freud and Future Religious Experience (Totawa, N.J.: Littlefield Adams, 1977).
P. Ricoeur,Freud and Philosophy (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), p. 230.
K. Stern,Pillar of Fire (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1951), p. 278.
H. Kung,Freud and the Problem of God (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979), p. 87.
P. Tillich, “Psychiatry and Theology,” typescript, 6 pages, undated.
P. Rieff,The Triumph of the Therapeutic (New YorK: Harpers Row, 1966), pp. 91–92.
P. Rieff,Freud: The Mind of the Moralist (New York: Viking, 1959), pp. 281–299.
P. Rieff,Triumph of the Therapeutic, p. 87.
W. E. Henry, J. H. Sims, and S. L. Spray,The Fifth Profession (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1971).
R. Allers,The Successful Error (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1940), pp. 205–211.
R. La Perre,The Freudian Ethic (London: Allen and Unwin, 1960), pp. 63–64.
O. H. Mowrer,The Crisis in Psychiatry and Religion (New York: Van Nostrand, 1961).
O. H. Mowrer, “The Problem of Anxiety,” inLearning Theory and Personality Dynamics, Ed., O. H. Mowrer (New York: Ronald Press, 1950).
M. Buber,The Knowledge of Man (New York: Harper and Row, 1965), pp. 124–128, 142.
P. Tillich, “Psychiatry and Theology,” p. 6.
J. Flugel,Man, Morals, and Society (New York: International Universities Press, 1970).
E. Wallace, “Freud and Religion.”
A. Kardiner,Diary of My Analysis with Sigmund Freud (New York: W. W. Norton, 1977), pp. 107–109.
K. Menninger,Whatever Became of Sin? (New York: Hawthorn, 1973).
J. Maritain, “Freudianism and Psychoanalysis: A Thomist View.”
T. Szasz,The Myth of Mental Illness (New York: Harper, 1961).
S. Freud (1927) “Postscript” tothe Question of Lay Analysis, S. E., Vol. 20, pp. 251–257.
K. Stern,Pillar of Fire.
C. Kadushin,Why People Go to Psychiatrists (New York: Atherton, 1969).
J. B. Howck and D. M. Ross, “Pastoral Psychotherapy, the Fee-for-Service Model, and Professional Identity,”Journal of Religion and Health 16 (1977):172–182.
S. Freud (1908) “‘Civilized’ Sexual Morality and Modern Nervousness,” S. E., Vol. 9, pp. 185, 192, 204.
S. Freud (1910) “On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Sphere of Love,” S. E., Vol. 11, pp. 179–190.
S. Freud (1917),Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis, S. E., Vol. p. 434.
S. Freud,Civilization and Its Discontents, pp. 102, 143.
P. Rieff,Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, p. 59.
S. Freud (1915), “Thoughts for the Time on War and Death,” S. E., Vol. 14, p. 282.
E. Jones,The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 2, p. 145.
E. Freud,The Letters of Sigmund Freud, pp. 347–348.
S. Freud, (1920), “The Psychogenesis of a Case of Homosexuality in a Woman,” S. E., Vol. 18, p. 167.
S. Freud (1900),The Interpretation of Dreams, S. E., Vols. 4 and 5.
P. Roazen,Freud and His Followers, (New York: New American Library, 1971):p. 147.
S. Freud (1895),Studies in Hysteria, S.E., Vol. 2, p. 165.
S. Freud (1928), “Dostoevsky and Parricide,” S. E., Vol. 21, pp. 177–194.
H. Meng and E. Freud,Psychoanalysis and Faith, pp. 61–62.
S. Freud, “On the Universal Tendency to Debasement in the Spheres of Love,” pp. 180, 187.
E. Freud, The Letters of Sigmund Freud, p. 308.
P. Rieff,Freud: The Mind of the Moralist, p. 355.
S. Freud (1909)Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year Old Boy, S.E., Vol. 10, p. 145.
H. Nunberg, and E. Federn, Eds.,Minutes of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society Vol. 2, (New York: International Universities Press, 1967), p. 89.
S. Freud, “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practice.”
S. Freud,Totem and Taboo.
S. Freud,Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion.
S. Freud,Civilization and Its Discontents.
S. Freud, “Obsessive Actions and Religious Practice,” p. 127.
S. Freud,Future of an Illusion, p. 37.
S. Freud,Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego, p. 91.
H. Meng and E. Freud,Psychoanalysis and Faith, p. 63.
E. Jones,The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, Vol. 2, p. 182.
L. Feuer,Psychoanalysis and Ethics (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas, 1955).
H. Hartmann,Psychoanalysis and Moral Values, p. 99.
E. M. Pattison, “Morality, Guilt, and Forgiveness in Psychiatry,” inClinical Psychiatry and Religion, Ed., E. M. Pattison (Boston: Little, Brown, 1969).
H. Küng,Freud and the Problem of God.
P. Rieff,Freud: The Mind of the Moralist.
P. Rieff,The Triumph of the Therapeutic.
S. Freud, (1926),The Question of Lay Analysis, S. E., Vol. 20, p. 256.
S. Freud, (1910),Leonardo Da Vinci and a Memory of His Childhood, S. E. Vol. 11, p. 123.
H. Meng and E. Freud,Psychoanalysis and Faith, p. 142.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
At the time of writing, Chief of Individual Psychotherapy at the Connecticut Mental Health Center and on the faculty in psychiatry at the Yale University School of Medicine.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wallace, E.R. Reflection on the relationship between psychoanalysis and christianity. Pastoral Psychol 31, 215–243 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01759892
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01759892