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Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in health-care workers after accidental exposure: A comparison of two prophylactic schedules

Prävention der Infektion durch das Hepatitis B Virus bei medizinischem Personal nach akzidenteller Exposition: Vergleich von zwei Prophylaxeregimen

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Summary

The efficacy of hepatitis B (HB) vaccine alone or combined with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIg) in preventing hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection was studied in a controlled trial. Recombinant HB vaccine (Engerix-B, 20 µg) was given to 40 susceptible health-care workers within three days of exposure (Group B). In another group of 37 medical professionals a single dose of HBIg (0.06 mg/kg) was administered intramuscularly within three days of exposure, followed immediately by the first dose of vaccine (20 µg dose) (Group A). In both groups the next doses of recombinant vaccine were administered one, two and six months later. One month after the fourth dose of vaccine the percentage of incidence of antibody to hepatitis B virus surface antigen (anti-HBs) was 94.6% in group A and 95% in group B with geometric mean titer of antibodies of 340 and 380 mIU/ml, respectively. A control group consisted of 34 persons who did not receive any specific immunoprophylaxis (Group C). All subjects were followed for at least ten months. The protective value of immunization, both active alone and combined passive and active, was clearly effective since none of the recipients developed acute symptomatic HBV infection compared with two (6%) of 34 not immunized persons (Fisher's exact test p=0.01). Thus, in the absence of evidence of lesser efficacy for the use of HB vaccine alone after exposure to HBsAg-positive blood, this schedule would seem to be the treatment of choice in adult persons.

Zusammenfassung

Zur vergleichenden Prüfung der präventiven Wirksamkeit der B-Hepatitis Vakzine allein oder in Kombination mit dem Hepatitis B Immunglobulin wurde eine kontrollierte Studie durchgeführt. 40 empfängliche Personen aus medizinischen Berufen erhielten innerhalb von drei Tagen nach Exposition 20 µg der rekombinanten HB-Vakzine Engerix-B (Gruppe B). In einer weiteren Gruppe von 37 Personen aus medizinischen Berufen wurden ebenfalls innerhalb drei Tagen nach Exposition 0,06 ml/kg Hepatitis B-Immunglobulin i.m. und inmittelbar danach 20 µg der Vakzine verabreicht (Gruppe A). Jeweils einen, zwei und sechs Monate später wurden weitere Dosen der rekombinanten Vakzine appliziert. Dieses Vorgehen war in beiden Gruppen identisch. Einen Monat nach der vierten Impfdosis hatten in Gruppe A 94,6% und in Gruppe B 95% Antikörper gegen das Hepatitis B Virus-Oberflächenantigen (anti-HBs) entwickelt; die entsprechenden geometrischen Mittelwerte der Titer lagen bei 340 und 380 mIU/ml. 34 Personen der Kontrollgruppe erhielten keinerlei Prophylaxe (Gruppe C). Alle Personen wurden mindestens zehn Monate lang nachbeobachtet. Beide Immunisierungsschemata, aktiv und aktiv plus passiv, erwiesen sich als eindeutig effizient. Bei keinem der Geimpften trat eine akute HBV-Infektion auf, dagegen hatten zwei der 34 nicht Geimpften (6%; p=0,01 in Fisher's exact test) eine akute Hepatitis entwickelt. Da sich die HB-Vakzine bei Exposition gegenüber HBsAg-positivem Blut allein als nicht weniger effizient erwies als die Kombination mit Immunglobulin, ist die alleinige aktive Impfung als Methode der Wahl bei Erwachsenen anzuschen.

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Palmović, D., Crnjaković-Palmović, J. Prevention of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in health-care workers after accidental exposure: A comparison of two prophylactic schedules. Infection 21, 42–45 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01739311

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