Summary
Only the left end of adenovirus DNA comprising the early E1A and E1B regions is required for transformation of rodent cells and for tumorigenicity in mice and rats. The E1A early region encodes a protein which probably indirectly through a cellular component controls mRNA expression from at least four other early regions at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level.
Viral early proteins also combine with or control the expression of the cellular transplantation antigens to prepare the host cell for tumor rejection or alternatively to suppress the cellular immune response.
DNA replication of the viral genome requires three virus-coded proteins and two cellular proteins and is the first mammalian system where DNA can be efficiently replicated in an in vitro system.
Adenovirus late expression is also subject to cellular controls since the virus uses the host cell machinery for transcription and splicing.
A late translational control has also been identified which is mediated by a small virus coded RNA (VAI RNA) transcribed by the cellular polymerase III. The viral RNA is probably complexed with a cellular protein when excerting its effect.
All these control mechanisms, involving both viral and cellular genes, are now being dissected, and several of the molecules involved have been identified.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Akusjärvis G, Persson H (1981) Controls of RNA splicing and termination in the major late adenovirus transcription unit. Nature 292:420–426
Berget SM, Moore C, Sharp PA (1977) Spliced segments at the 5′ terminus of adenovirus 2 late mRNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 74:3171–3175
Bos JL, Polder L, Bernards R, Schrier P, van den Elsen P, van der Eb, AJ, van Ormondt H (1981) The 2.2 kb E1b mRNA of human Ad12 and Ad5 codes for two tumor antigens starting at different AUG triplets. Cell 27:121–131
Carlock LR, Jones NC (1981) Transformation-defective mutant of adenovirus type 5 containing a single altered E1a mRNA species. J Virol 40:657–664
Chow LT, Gelinas RE, Broker TR, Roberts RJ (1977) An amazing sequence arrangement at the 5′ ends of adenovirus 2 messenger RNA. Cell 12:1–8
Gross FR, Darnell JE Jr (1983) Cycloheximide stimulates early adenovirus transcription if early gene expression is allowed before treatment. J Virol 45:683–692
Darnell JE Jr (1982) Variety in the level of gene control in eukaryotic cells. Nature 297:365–371
van Eekelen C, Buytels H, Linne T, Ohlsson R, Philipson L, van Venrooij W (1982) Detection of a cellular polypeptide associated with adenovirus-coded VA RNA using in vitro labeling of proteins cross-linked to RNA. Nucleic Acids Res 10:3039–3052
Feldman LT, Imperiale MJ, Nevins JR (1982) Activation of early adenovirus transcription by the herpesvirus immediate early gene: evidence for a common cellular control factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:4952–4956
Hérissé J, Courtois G, Galibert F (1980) Nucleotide sequences of the EcoRI-D fragment of the adenovirus 2 genome. Nucleic Acids Res 8:2173–2191
Hérissé J, Galibert F (1981) Nucleotide sequence of the EcoRI E fragment of adenovirus 2 genome. Nucleic Acids Res 9:1229–1249
Hérissé J, Rigolet M, Dupont de Dinechin S, Galibert F (1981) Nucleotide sequence of adenovirus 2 DNA fragment encoding for the carboxylic region of the fiber protein and the entire E1 region. Nucleic Acids Res 9:4023–4042
Kämpe O, Bellgrau D, Hammerling U, Lind P, Pääbo S, Severinsson L, Peterson PA (1983) Complex formation of class I transplantation antigens and a viral glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 258:10594–10598
Katze MG, Persson H, Philipson L (1981) Control of adenovirus early gene expression: posttranscriptional control mediated by both viral and cellular gene products. Molec Cell Biol 1:807–813
Katze MG, Persson H, Philipson L (1982) A novel mRNA and a low molecular weight polypeptide encoded in the transforming region of adenovirus DNA. EMBO J 1:783–789
Katze MG, Persson H, Johansson BM, Philippson L (1983) Control of adenovirus gene expression: cellular gene products restrict expression of adenovirus host range mutants in nonpermissive cells. J Virol 46:50–59
Lichy JH, Field J, Horwitz MS, Hurwitz J (1982) Separation of the adenovirus terminal protein precursor from its associated DNA polymerase: role of both proteins in the initiation of adenovirus DNA replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:5225–5229
Montell C, Fisher EF, Caruthers MH, Berk A (1982) Resolving the functions of overlapping viral genes by site-specific mutagenesis at a mRNA splice site. Nature 295:380–384
Nagata K, Guggenheimer RA, Enomoto T, Lichy JH, Hurwitz J (1982) Adenovirus DNA replication in vitro: identification of a host factor that stimulates synthesis of the preterminal protein dCMP complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79:6438–6442
Nevins JR, Jensen-Winkler J (1980) Regulation of early adenovirus transcription: a protein product of early region 2 specifically represses region 4 transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77:1893–1897
Nevins JR (1981) Mechanism of activation of early viral transcription by the adenovirus E1A gene product. Cell 26:213–220
Ostrove JM, Rosenfeld P, Williams J, Kelly TJ Jr (1983) In vitro complementation as an assay for purification of adenovirus DNA replication proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:935–939
Persson H, Monstein HJ, Akusjärvi G, Philipson L (1981) Adenovirus early gene products may control viral mRNA accumulation and translation in vivo. Cell 23:485–496
Persson H, Philipson L (1982) Regulation of Adenovirus Gene Expression. Current topics in microbiology and immunology. Vol 97, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 152–203
Persson H, Katze MG, Philipson L (1982) Purification of a native membrane-associated adenovirus tumor antigen. J Virol 42:905–917
Ricciardi RP, Jones RL, Cepko CL, Sharp PA, Roberts BE (1981) Expression of early adenovirus genes requires a viral encoded acidic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:6121–6125
Richardson WD, Westphal H (1981) A cascade of adenovirus early functions is required for expression of adeno-associated virus. Cell 27:133–141
Rinke J, Steitz JA (1982) Precursor molecules of both human 5S ribosomal RNA and transfer RNAs are bound by a cellular protein reactive with anti-La lupus antibodies. Cell 29:149–159
Schrier PI, Bernards R, Vaessen RTMJ, Houweling A, van der Eb AJ (1983) Expression of class I major histocompatibility antigens switched off by highly oncogenic adenovirus 12 in transformed rat cells. Nature 305:771–775
Shaw AR, Ziff E (1980) Transcripts from the adenovirus-2 major late promoter yield a single early family of 3 coterminal mRNAs and five late families. Cell 22:905–916
Shaw AR, Ziff EB (1982) Selective inhibition of adenovirus type 2 early region II and III transcription by anisomycin block of protein synthesis. Molec Cell Biol 2:789–799
Signäs C, Katze MG, Persson H, Philipson L (1982) An adenovirus glycoprotein binds heavy chains of class I transplantation antigens from man and mouse. Nature 299:175–178
Solnick D, Anderson MA (1982) Transformation-deficient adenovirus mutant defective in expression of region 1A but not region 1B. J Virol 42:106–113
Thimmappaya B, Weinberger C, Schneider RJ, Shenk T (1982) Adenovirus VAI RNA is required for efficient translation of viral mRNAs at late times after infection. Cell 31:543–551
Wilson MC, Fraser NW, Darnell JE (1979) Mapping of RNA initiation sites by high doses of UV irradiation: evidence for three independent promoters within the left 11% of the ad-2 genome. Virology 94:175–184
Zinkernagel RM, Doherty PC (1979) MHC-restricted cytotoxic T cells: studies on the biological role of polymorphic major transplantation antigens determining T-cell restriction-specificity, function, and responsiveness. Adv Immunol 27:51–177
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Additional information
Ernst Klenk Lecture, November 4, 1983
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Philipson, L. The interplay between host and viral genes in adenovirus gene expression. Klin Wochenschr 62, 433–440 (1984). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01726903
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01726903