Measurement of shear forces of frozen soil swelling acting on piles

Conclusions

1. The force-measuring pile used can be recommended for long-term measurements under various conditions of the swelling shear forces acting during the soil freezing process, on actual piles, both individually standing and also forming a part of a row, cluster, or field.

2. The outside air temperature affects the intensity of the growth in the swelling forces occurring in the soil freezing process and the maximum values of the forces.

3. In case of piles in a row, the growth in the swelling forces is more smooth and the reductions in the spring season are less intensive than in the case of individually standing piles. The values of these forces in the freezing sandy soils are considerably lower. The soil surface swelling near the piles in a row is lower than that near individually standing piles.